Medication Costs and Use of Older Americans in Assisted Living Settings: a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

An Educational Intervention to Promote Central Nervous System-Active Deprescribing in Dementia: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND

Central nervous system (CNS)-active polypharmacy (defined as concurrent exposure to three or more antidepressant, antipsychotic, antiseizure, benzodiazepine, opioid, or nonbenzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists) is associated with significant potential harms in persons living with dementia (PLWD).We conducted a pilot trial to assess a patient nudge intervention's implementation feasibility and preliminary effectiveness to prompt deprescribing conversations between PLWD experiencing CNS-active polypharmacy and their primary care clinicians ("clinicians").

METHODS

We used the electronic health record to identify PLWD prescribed CNS-active polypharmacy in primary care clinics from two health systems. Clinics were assigned to intervention (n = 10) or control (n = 12), with PLWD in intervention clinics mailed an educational brochure to prompt discussion with clinicians about the appropriateness of their CNS-active regimen. We conducted chart reviews for evidence of documentation related to these medications and used the electronic health record (EHR) to assess preliminary effectiveness 120 days after sending the brochure (e.g., number of CNS-active medications prescribed, change in total standardized daily dose [TSDD] of CNS-active medications, and change in prevalence of CNS-active polypharmacy). We interviewed 10 clinicians from intervention clinics to assess their perceptions about the acceptability of the intervention.

RESULTS

PLWD in the intervention group (n = 61) and control group (n = 68) had an average age of 72.4 years (standard deviation [SD] 9.7), 62.8% were female, and 84.5% were white. We did not find any documented evidence of conversations related to CNS-active medications between PLWD who received the brochure and their primary care clinicians. After 120 days, there was no significant between-group difference in the mean number of CNS-active medications prescribed (- 1.0 [SD 1.3] versus - 1.0 [SD 1.3]), mean TSDD (- 1.6 [SD 6.0] versus - 1.3 [SD 5.8]), or the percentage of patients with CNS-active polypharmacy (52.6% versus 50.4%). Interviews with clinicians suggested they were aware that combinations of CNS-active medications were not ideal; however, they reported inheriting patients who were already on these medications, and they did not have sufficient clinic time or access to safer alternatives to overcome patient hesitation to deprescribe.

CONCLUSIONS

A direct-to-patient mailed educational brochure did not demonstrate feasibility in provoking deprescribing conversations between PLWD and clinicians or preliminary effectiveness in decreasing CNS-active polypharmacy.

Disparities in Medicare beneficiaries' receiving medication synchronization

BACKGROUND

Medication synchronization (med-sync) aligns patients' monthly or quarterly chronic medications to a predetermined single pickup date at a community pharmacy. The study objective was to examine med-sync enrollment disparities based on Medicare beneficiaries' predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study using a Medicare dataset of beneficiaries receiving medications from pharmacies that self-identified as providing med-sync. Medicare beneficiaries who were continuously enrolled in fee-for-service medical and pharmacy benefits during the study period (2014-2016) were included. Study cohorts (med-sync and non-med-sync patients) were defined, and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Andersen's Health Services Utilization Model guided our inclusion of predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics to examine for association with med-sync enrollment.

RESULTS

A total of 170,180 beneficiaries were included, of which 13,193 comprised the med-sync cohort and 156,987 comprised the non-med-sync cohort. Bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in cohorts based on age, geographic region, type of residence, number of unique chronic medications, comorbidities, outpatient visits, and inpatient hospitalizations. Beneficiaries had higher odds of being enrolled in med-sync with increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.003 [95% CI 1.001-1.005]) and if they resided in the Northeast (AOR 1.094 [95% CI 1.018-1.175]), South (AOR 1.109 [95% CI 1.035-1.188]), and West (AOR 1.113 [95% CI 1.020-1.215]) than those in the Midwest. Beneficiaries residing in nonmetro areas had lower odds of enrollment (AOR 0.914 [95% CI 0.863-0.969]) than those in metro areas. Beneficiaries with previous fewer inpatient hospitalizations (AOR 0.945 [95% CI 0.914-0.977]) were more likely to be enrolled, and those with more outpatient visits (AOR 1.003 [95% CI 1.001-1.004]) were more likely to be enrolled. Those taking a higher number of oral chronic medications (AOR 1.005 [95% CI 1.002-1.008]) had greater odds of enrollment in med-sync.

CONCLUSIONS

Med-sync program expansion opportunities exist to address potential enrollment disparities based on age, geographic region, metropolitan area, and prior health utilization. Further studies are needed to develop and examine strategies among pharmacies to improve med-sync enrollment outreach to these subgroups of patients.