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Hou X, Zheng F, Lu L, Wang Z, Ni X. Protecting effects of smoking against COVID-19: a community-based retrospective cohort study in middle- and older-aged adults. Intern Emerg Med 2024; 19:2141-2149. [PMID: 39164599 PMCID: PMC11582279 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
On December 7, 2022, China switched from dynamic zeroing strategy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to reopening. A nationwide SARS-CoV-2 epidemic emerged rapidly. The effect of smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. We aimed to retrospectively investigate the relationship between smoking and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using a community-based cohort of smokers and non-smokers. We included participants from a pre-pandemic cohort with a prolonged follow-up period. Data on smoking status, body mass index, and history of other diseases were collected from health examination and consultation clinic records. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection over time. We analysed 218 male patients with varied smoking statuses (46.3% current or ex-smokers; average age 68.63 ± 9.81 years). Two peaks in the epidemic were observed following the December 2022 outbreak. At the end of the second peak, non-smokers, current smokers, and ex-smokers had primary infection rates increase to 88.0%, 65.1%, and 81.0%, respectively, with a significant difference between the groups. Current smoking significantly protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection (HR 0.625, 95% CI 0.402-0.970, p = 0.036). Further analyses showed that the prevalence of pneumonia in the unvaccinated, older, diabetic, and non-smoking groups was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p < 0.05). Our study suggests a potential association between smoking and a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumonia. This indicates that nicotine and ACE2 play important roles in preventing COVID-19 and its progression. We suggest smokers use nicotine replacement therapy during hospitalization for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Hou
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fulin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Likun Lu
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuefeng Ni
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Shi D, Chen J, Zhao M, Tang Y, Zhao C, Jin Y, Tian D, Liao Y, Wang X, Wang W, Fan X, Yi Z, Chen X, Ling Y. Prevalence of Neutralizing Autoantibodies Against Type I Interferon in a Multicenter Cohort of Severe or Critical COVID-19 Cases in Shanghai. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:80. [PMID: 38462559 PMCID: PMC10925575 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the prevalence of type I interferon-neutralizing antibodies in a Chinese cohort and its clinical implications during the Omicron variant wave of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Type I interferon (IFN) autoantibodies possessing neutralizing capabilities were identified using luciferase assays. The capacity of the autoantibodies for in vitro interference with antiviral activity of IFN was assessed by using a SARS-CoV-2 replicon system. An analysis of the demographic and clinical profiles of patients exhibiting neutralizing antibodies was also conducted. RESULTS In this cohort, 11.8% of severe/critical cases exhibited the existence of type I IFN-neutralizing antibodies, specifically targeting IFN-α2, IFN-ω, or both, with an elderly male patient tendency. Notably, these antibodies exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on the antiviral activity of IFN against SARS-CoV-2 under controlled in vitro conditions. Furthermore, a noteworthy correlation was discerned between the presence of these neutralizing antibodies and critical clinical parameters, including C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, D-dimer levels, and lymphocyte counts. CONCLUSION The presence of type I IFN-neutralizing antibodies is a pervasive risk factor for severe/critical COVID-19 in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinpeng Jin
- Liver Disease Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Tian
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Liao
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Liu W, Gong F, Zheng X, Pei L, Wang X, Yang S, Zhao S, Yang Z, Lin J, Jing F, Shang H, Bi Y, Wei D, Chen E, Chen Y. Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in Shanghai: A multicenter, retrospective, observational study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29342. [PMID: 38130170 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Shanghai has faced an unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic with the BA.2.2 strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron infection. Comprehensive insights into its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and viral shedding dynamics are currently limited. This study encompasses 208373 COVID-19 patients that were infected with the Omicron BA.2.2 sub-lineage in Shanghai, China. Demographic information, clinical symptoms, vaccination status, isolation status, as well as viral shedding time (VST) were recorded. Among the COVID-19 patients included in this study, 187124 were asymptomatic and 21249 exhibited mild symptoms. The median VST was 8.3 days. The common clinical symptoms included fever, persistent cough, phlegm, sore throat, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Factors such as advanced age, presence of comorbidities, mild symptomatology, and delayed isolation correlated with extended VST. Conversely, female gender and administration of two or three vaccine doses correlated with a reduction in VST. This investigation offers an in-depth characterization and analytical perspective on Shanghai's recent COVID-19 surge. Prolonged viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 was observed in elderly, male, symptomatic patients, and those with comorbidity. Female, individuals with two or three vaccine doses, as well as those isolated early, shows an effective reduced VST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangchen Gong
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangtao Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanzhi Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsheng Lin
- Department of Disciplinary Development and Planning, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jing
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wei D, Xie Y, Liu X, Chen R, Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Pathogen evolution, prevention/control strategy and clinical features of COVID-19: experiences from China. Front Med 2023; 17:1030-1046. [PMID: 38157194 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported at the end of 2019 as a worldwide health concern causing a pandemic of unusual viral pneumonia and many other organ damages, which was defined by the World Health Organization as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pandemic is considered a significant threat to global public health till now. In this review, we have summarized the lessons learnt during the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2, including its prototype and variants. The overall clinical features of variants of concern (VOC), heterogeneity in the clinical manifestations, radiology and pathology of COVID-19 patients are also discussed, along with advances in therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yusang Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Liang Z, Wang N, Fan C, Shang L, Zhang Y, Gao C, Luo J. Disturbance of Adaptive Immunity System Was Accompanied by a Decrease in Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acid for Patients Hospitalized During SARS-CoV-2 Infection After COVID-19 Vaccination. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5261-5272. [PMID: 38026252 PMCID: PMC10656857 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s434860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can lead to disorders of immune function and a decrease in the diversity of intestinal flora. We aimed to explore the changes of circulating immune cell subsets and the plasma level of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), further understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Methods The study included 83 newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients and 39 non-COVID-19 controls. All have completed a full course of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The levels of peripheral lymphocyte subsets and plasma cytokines were detected by flow cytometry. Targeted metabolomics was used to explore the level of SCFAs in plasma. Results Compared with the non-COVID-19 group, COVID-19 patients showed a decrease in CD19+B cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, NK cells, CD4+CD8+T cells and CD4-CD8-T cells (all p<0.001) and concomitantly an increase in sIL-2R, IL-6 and IL-10 (all p<0.005). These alterations were more pronounced in those critical patients. In addition, COVID-19 patients had lower levels of propanoic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), isobutyric acid (IBA) and isohexanoic acid (ICA) (all p<0.01). Among them, the level of ICA is positively correlated with the absolute number of immune cells. Conclusion Our study suggests the immune cell subsets in COVID-19 patients who had completed vaccination were still severely disturbed and concomitantly lower SCFAs, especially in severe patients with poor prognosis. Lower levels of plasma SCFAs may contribute to lymphopenia in COVID-19. The potential relationship between plasma SCFAs and immune cell reduction provides a new direction for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Fan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Shang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong Gao
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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Xia B, Zheng L, Li Y, Sun W, Liu Y, Li L, Pang J, Chen J, Li J, Cheng H. The brief overview, antivirus and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, quantitative methods, and pharmacokinetics of cepharanthine: a potential small-molecule drug against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1098972. [PMID: 37583901 PMCID: PMC10423819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1098972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To effectively respond to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an increasing number of researchers are focusing on the antiviral activity of cepharanthine (CEP), which is a clinically approved drug being used for over 70 years. This review aims to provide a brief overview of CEP and summarize its recent findings in quantitative analysis, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic potential, and mechanism in antiviral and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Given its remarkable capacity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo, with its primary target organ being the lungs, and its good pharmacokinetic profile; mature and stable manufacturing technique; and its advantages of safety, effectiveness, and accessibility, CEP has become a promising drug candidate for treating COVID-19 despite being an old drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation 731 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liushui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyao Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ge J. The COVID-19 pandemic in China: from dynamic zero-COVID to current policy. Herz 2023:10.1007/s00059-023-05183-5. [PMID: 37294456 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-023-05183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On 8 January 2023, after 3 years of pandemic control, China changed its management of COVID-19, applying measures against class B infectious diseases instead of Class A infectious diseases. This signaled the end of the dynamic zero-COVID policy and the reopening of the country. With a population of 1.41 billion, China's reopening policy during the COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by a scientific, gradual, and cautious approach. Several factors contributed to the reopening policy, including an expansion of healthcare capacity, the widespread promotion and uptake of vaccination, and improved prevention and control mechanisms. According to the latest report from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the country reached a peak of 1.625 million on January 5, 2023, and has since continued to decline. As of February 13, the number decreased to 26,000: a reduction of 98.4%. Thanks to the efforts of healthcare workers and society as a whole, the country managed to get through the peak of the epidemic in a stable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhonghan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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Wang H, Liu L, Wu T. Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine against the severity of Omicron variant. Front Med 2023; 17:576-580. [PMID: 37365449 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-0991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Liu
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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