1
|
A threshold model for polydactyly. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
2
|
Bonyadi Rad E, Musumeci G, Pichler K, Heidary M, Szychlinska MA, Castrogiovanni P, Marth E, Böhm C, Srinivasaiah S, Krönke G, Weinberg A, Schäfer U. Runx2 mediated Induction of Novel Targets ST2 and Runx3 Leads to Cooperative Regulation of Hypertrophic Differentiation in ATDC5 Chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17947. [PMID: 29263341 PMCID: PMC5738421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge concerning expression and function of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) in chondrocytes is at present, limited. Analysis of murine growth plates and ATDC5 chondrocytes indicated peak expression of the ST2 transmembrane receptor (ST2L) and soluble (sST2) isoforms during the hypertrophic differentiation concomitant with the expression of the hypertrophic markers Collagen X (Col X), Runx2 and MMP-13. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in ATDC5 and primary human growth plate chondrocytes (PHCs), confirmed regulation of ST2 by the key transcription factor Runx2, indicating ST2 to be a novel Runx2 target. ST2 knock-out mice (ST2−/−) exhibited noticeable hypertrophic zone (HZ) reduction in murine growth plates, accompanied by lower expression of Col X and Osteocalcin (OSC) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Likewise, ST2 knockdown resulted in decreased Col X expression and downregulation of OSC and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in ATDC5 cells. The ST2 suppression was also associated with upregulation of the proliferative stage markers Sox9 and Collagen II (Col II), indicating ST2 to be a new regulator of ATDC5 chondrocyte differentiation. Runx3 was, furthermore, identified as a novel Runx2 target in chondrocytes. This study suggests that Runx2 mediates ST2 and Runx3 induction to cooperatively regulate hypertrophic differentiation of ATDC5 chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Karin Pichler
- Department of Children and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maryam Heidary
- Translational Research Department, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Egon Marth
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Böhm
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sriveena Srinivasaiah
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annelie Weinberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Since the last major theoretical integration in evolutionary biology—the modern synthesis (MS) of the 1940s—the biosciences have made significant advances. The rise of molecular biology and evolutionary developmental biology, the recognition of ecological development, niche construction and multiple inheritance systems, the ‘-omics’ revolution and the science of systems biology, among other developments, have provided a wealth of new knowledge about the factors responsible for evolutionary change. Some of these results are in agreement with the standard theory and others reveal different properties of the evolutionary process. A renewed and extended theoretical synthesis, advocated by several authors in this issue, aims to unite pertinent concepts that emerge from the novel fields with elements of the standard theory. The resulting theoretical framework differs from the latter in its core logic and predictive capacities. Whereas the MS theory and its various amendments concentrate on genetic and adaptive variation in populations, the extended framework emphasizes the role of constructive processes, ecological interactions and systems dynamics in the evolution of organismal complexity as well as its social and cultural conditions. Single-level and unilinear causation is replaced by multilevel and reciprocal causation. Among other consequences, the extended framework overcomes many of the limitations of traditional gene-centric explanation and entails a revised understanding of the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process. All these features stimulate research into new areas of evolutionary biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd B Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lange A, Müller GB. Polydactyly in Development, Inheritance, and Evolution. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2017; 92:1-38. [DOI: 10.1086/690841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
5
|
Laland KN, Uller T, Feldman MW, Sterelny K, Müller GB, Moczek A, Jablonka E, Odling-Smee J. The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151019. [PMID: 26246559 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. Nonetheless, the ability of that framework satisfactorily to accommodate the rapid advances in developmental biology, genomics and ecology has been questioned. We review some of these arguments, focusing on literatures (evo-devo, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance and niche construction) whose implications for evolution can be interpreted in two ways—one that preserves the internal structure of contemporary evolutionary theory and one that points towards an alternative conceptual framework. The latter, which we label the 'extended evolutionary synthesis' (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. In the EES, developmental processes, operating through developmental bias, inclusive inheritance and niche construction, share responsibility for the direction and rate of evolution, the origin of character variation and organism-environment complementarity. We spell out the structure, core assumptions and novel predictions of the EES, and show how it can be deployed to stimulate and advance research in those fields that study or use evolutionary biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Laland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Tobias Uller
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus W Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Herrin Hall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kim Sterelny
- School of Philosophy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia School of History, Philosophy, Political Science and International Relations, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gerd B Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7107, USA
| | - Eva Jablonka
- Cohn Institute for the History of Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peterson T, Müller GB. Phenotypic Novelty in EvoDevo: The Distinction Between Continuous and Discontinuous Variation and Its Importance in Evolutionary Theory. Evol Biol 2016; 43:314-335. [PMID: 27512237 PMCID: PMC4960286 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of novel phenotypic structures is one of the most significant aspects of organismal evolution. Yet the concept of evolutionary novelty is used with drastically different connotations in various fields of research, and debate exists about whether novelties represent features that are distinct from standard forms of phenotypic variation. This article contrasts four separate uses for novelty in genetics, population genetics, morphology, and behavioral science, before establishing how novelties are used in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo). In particular, it is detailed how an EvoDevo-specific research approach to novelty produces insight distinct from other fields, gives the concept explanatory power with predictive capacities, and brings new consequences to evolutionary theory. This includes the outlining of research strategies that draw attention to productive areas of inquiry, such as threshold dynamics in development. It is argued that an EvoDevo-based approach to novelty is inherently mechanistic, treats the phenotype as an agent with generative potential, and prompts a distinction between continuous and discontinuous variation in evolutionary theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Peterson
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- The KLI Institute, Martinstrasse 12, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hayashi S, Kobayashi T, Yano T, Kamiyama N, Egawa S, Seki R, Takizawa K, Okabe M, Yokoyama H, Tamura K. Evidence for an amphibian sixth digit. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:17. [PMID: 26605062 PMCID: PMC4657212 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-015-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the great diversity in digit morphology reflecting the adaptation of tetrapods to their lifestyle, the number of digits in extant tetrapod species is conservatively stabilized at five or less, which is known as the pentadactyl constraint. RESULTS We found that an anuran amphibian species, Xenopus tropicalis (western clawed frog), has a clawed protrusion anteroventral to digit I on the foot. To identify the nature of the anterior-most clawed protrusion, we examined its morphology, tissue composition, development, and gene expression. We demonstrated that the protrusion in the X. tropicalis hindlimb is the sixth digit, as is evident from anatomical features, development, and molecular marker expression. CONCLUSION Identification of the sixth digit in the X. tropicalis hindlimb strongly suggests that the prehallux in other Xenopus species with similar morphology and at the same position as the sixth digit is also a vestigial digit. We propose here that the prehallux seen in various species of amphibians generally represents a rudimentary sixth digit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Tohru Yano
- />Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Namiko Kamiyama
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shiro Egawa
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Ryohei Seki
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
- />Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Kazuki Takizawa
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- />Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diogo R, Ziermann JM, Linde-Medina M. Specialize or risk disappearance - empirical evidence of anisomerism based on comparative and developmental studies of gnathostome head and limb musculature. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:964-78. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Marta Linde-Medina
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester; Manchester M3 9PT U.K
| |
Collapse
|