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Khalil M, Di Ciaula A, Mahdi L, Jaber N, Di Palo DM, Graziani A, Baffy G, Portincasa P. Unraveling the Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Diseases. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2333. [PMID: 39597722 PMCID: PMC11596745 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gut is a complex ecosystem that supports billions of living species, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, phages, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes. Bacteria give genes and enzymes for microbial and host-produced compounds, establishing a symbiotic link between the external environment and the host at both the gut and systemic levels. The gut microbiome, which is primarily made up of commensal bacteria, is critical for maintaining the healthy host's immune system, aiding digestion, synthesizing essential nutrients, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria, as well as influencing endocrine, neural, humoral, and immunological functions and metabolic pathways. Qualitative, quantitative, and/or topographic shifts can alter the gut microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis and microbial dysfunction, which can contribute to a variety of noncommunicable illnesses, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome. While most evidence to date is observational and does not establish direct causation, ongoing clinical trials and advanced genomic techniques are steadily enhancing our understanding of these intricate interactions. This review will explore key aspects of the relationship between gut microbiota, eubiosis, and dysbiosis in human health and disease, highlighting emerging strategies for microbiome engineering as potential therapeutic approaches for various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.K.); (A.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.J.)
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.K.); (A.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.J.)
| | - Laura Mahdi
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.K.); (A.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.J.)
| | - Nour Jaber
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.K.); (A.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.J.)
| | - Domenica Maria Di Palo
- Division of Hygiene, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Annarita Graziani
- Institut AllergoSan Pharmazeutische Produkte Forschungs- und Vertriebs GmbH, 8055 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.K.); (A.D.C.); (L.M.); (N.J.)
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Saiyalam C, Shantavasinkul PC, Chirnaksorn S, Rattanakaemakorn P, Taonam N, Rodphech V, Putadechakum S, Rattanasiri S, Sirivarasai J, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Sumritpradit P. Effects of Very Low-Calorie Diet versus Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Body Composition in Patients with Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:2407. [PMID: 39125287 PMCID: PMC11313779 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment for severe obesity. A very low-calorie diet (VLCD) is another effective dietary intervention to treat obesity. This study evaluated the effect of a VLCD versus RYGB on weight reduction, changes in body composition and the resolution of comorbidities during a 12-week period. Individuals with obesity at the obesity clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 37.5 kg/m2 or ≥32.5 kg/m2 with obesity-related complications were recruited. Treatment options, either RYGB or VLCD, were assigned depending on patients' preferences and physicians' judgment. The analysis included 16 participants in the RYGB group and 15 participants in the VLCD group. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups; nevertheless, the participants in the VLCD group were significantly younger than those in the RYGB group. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) was slightly higher in the RYGB group (43.8% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.552). Additionally, patients in the RYGB group had a longer duration of T2D and were treated with anti-diabetic agents, while VLCD patients received only lifestyle modifications. At 12 weeks, total and percentage weight loss in the RYGB and VLCD groups, respectively, were as follows: -17.6 ± 6.0 kg vs. -15.6 ± 5.1 kg (p = 0.335) and -16.2% ± 4.3% vs. -14.1% ± 3.6% (p = 0.147). Changes in biochemical data and the resolution of comorbidities were similar between the groups at 12 weeks. A 12-week VLCD resulted in similar weight loss and metabolic improvement compared with RYGB. Large-scale studies with long follow-up periods are needed to elucidate whether VLCD is a viable alternative treatment to bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanawit Saiyalam
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Prapimporn Chattranukulchai Shantavasinkul
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.T.); (V.R.); (S.P.)
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Supphamat Chirnaksorn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Ploysyne Rattanakaemakorn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Naphat Taonam
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.T.); (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Vorachat Rodphech
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.T.); (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Supanee Putadechakum
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.T.); (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Sasivimol Rattanasiri
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Jintana Sirivarasai
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Preeda Sumritpradit
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
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Guglielmi V, Dalle Grave R, Leonetti F, Solini A. Female obesity: clinical and psychological assessment toward the best treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1349794. [PMID: 38765954 PMCID: PMC11099266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1349794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous condition which results from complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and biological factors. Obesity is more prevalent in women in most developed countries, and several clinical and psychological obesity complications show sex-specific patterns. Females differ regarding fat distribution, with males tending to store more visceral fat, which is highly correlated to increased cardiovascular risk. Although women are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and appear more motivated to lose weight, as confirmed by their greater representation in clinical trials, males show better outcomes in terms of body weight and intra-abdominal fat loss and improvements in the metabolic risk profile. However, only a few relatively recent studies have investigated gender differences in obesity, and sex/gender is rarely considered in the assessment and management of the disease. This review summarizes the evidence of gender differences in obesity prevalence, contributing factors, clinical complications, and psychological challenges. In addition, we explored gender differences in response to obesity treatments in the specific context of new anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Obesity Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dalle Grave
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda, VR, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Guo M, Lei Y, Liu X, Li X, Xu Y, Zheng D. The relationship between weight-adjusted-waist index and total bone mineral density in adults aged 20-59. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1281396. [PMID: 38075068 PMCID: PMC10701523 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1281396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction According to reports, obesity has a significant impact on bone health. And the weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI), superior to BMI and waist circumference (WC), is a new obesity indicator arising in recent years. This research investigated the relationship between WWI and total bone mineral density (BMD) for adults aged 20 to 59. Methods Using data from the 2011-2018 NHANES, we looked into the independent link between WWI and total BMD as well as its nonlinearity using weighted multiple linear regression and smooth curve fitting. Two-stage linear regression models were employed to calculate the threshold effects. There were additional subgroup analyses and testing for interactions. Results Multiple linear regression studies on a total of 10,372 individuals showed a significant inverse link between WWI and total BMD in adults between 20 and 59 [β = -0.04, 95% CI: (-0.04, -0.03), P<0.0001]. And smoking, race, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) had no significant effect on this negative connection (P for interaction >0.05). In addition, we found a nonlinear relationship between WWI and total BMD in diabetic and CKD patients, for which the saturation point was 11.38 cm/√kg in the CKD patient group and 10.29 cm/√kg in the diabetic patient group. Conclusion Our analysis demonstrated a significant inverse association between WWI and total BMD in adults aged 20-59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Chronic Kidney Disease of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- Huai'an Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Chronic Kidney Disease of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- Huai'an Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Chronic Kidney Disease of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- Huai'an Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Chronic Kidney Disease of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- Huai'an Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Chronic Kidney Disease of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- Huai'an Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Donghui Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Chronic Kidney Disease of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
- Huai'an Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai’an, China
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Xing A, Tong HHY, Liu S, Zhai X, Yu L, Li K. The causal association between obesity and gastric cancer and shared molecular signatures: a large-scale Mendelian randomization and multi-omics analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1091958. [PMID: 37954072 PMCID: PMC10639150 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose While observational studies have identified obesity as a potential risk factor for gastric cancer, the causality remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the causal relationship between obesity and gastric cancer and identify the shared molecular signatures linking obesity to gastric cancer. Methods A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using the GWAS data of body fat percentage (exposure, n = 331,117) and gastric cancer (outcome, n = 202,308). Bioinformatics and meta-analysis of multi-omics data were performed to identify key molecules mediating the causality. The meta-analysis of the plasma/serum proteome included 1,662 obese and 3,153 gastric cancer patients. Obesity and gastric cancer-associated genes were identified using seven common gene ontology databases. The transcriptomic data were obtained from TCGA and GEO databases. The Bioinformatic findings were clinically validated in plasma from 220 obese and 400 gastric cancer patients across two hospitals. Finally, structural-based virtual screening (SBVS) was performed to explore the potential FDA-approved drugs targeting the identified mediating molecules. Results The MR analysis revealed a significant causal association between obesity and gastric cancer (IVW, OR = 1.37, 95% CI:1.12-1.69, P = 0.0028), without pleiotropy or heterogeneity. Bioinformatic and meta-analysis of multi-omics data revealed shared TNF, PI3K-AKT, and cytokine signaling dysregulation, with significant upregulation of AKT1, IL-6, and TNF. The clinical study confirmed widespread upregulation of systemic inflammatory markers in the plasma of both diseases. SBVS identified six novel potent AKT1 inhibitors, including the dietary supplement adenosine, representing a potentially preventive drug with low toxicity. Conclusion Obesity causally increases gastric cancer, likely mediated by persistent AKT1/IL-6/TNF upregulation. As a potential AKT1 inhibitor, adenosine may mitigate the obesity-to-gastric cancer transition. These findings could inform preventive drug development to reduce gastric cancer risk in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abao Xing
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, Macao SAR, China
- Bioinformatics Department, Guangzhou AoCe Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Henry H. Y. Tong
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Endocrine Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhai
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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Sbraccia P. Metabolically healthy obesity: does it exist? Eur J Intern Med 2023; 114:35-36. [PMID: 37150717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sbraccia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine - Obesity Center, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Zhao Q, Han B, Xu Q, Wang T, Fang C, Li R, Zhang L, Pei Y. Proteome and genome integration analysis of obesity. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:910-921. [PMID: 37000968 PMCID: PMC10278747 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide in recent decades. Genetic factors are now known to play a substantial role in the predisposition to obesity and may contribute up to 70% of the risk for obesity. Technological advancements during the last decades have allowed the identification of many hundreds of genetic markers associated with obesity. However, the transformation of current genetic variant-obesity associations into biological knowledge has been proven challenging. Genomics and proteomics are complementary fields, as proteomics extends functional analyses. Integrating genomic and proteomic data can help to bridge a gap in knowledge regarding genetic variant-obesity associations and to identify new drug targets for the treatment of obesity. We provide an overview of the published papers on the integrated analysis of proteomic and genomic data in obesity and summarize four mainstream strategies: overlap, colocalization, Mendelian randomization, and proteome-wide association studies. The integrated analyses identified many obesity-associated proteins, such as leptin, follistatin, and adenylate cyclase 3. Despite great progress, integrative studies focusing on obesity are still limited. There is an increased demand for large prospective cohort studies to identify and validate findings, and further apply these findings to the prevention, intervention, and treatment of obesity. In addition, we also discuss several other potential integration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215213, China
| | - Baixue Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215213, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215213, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215213, China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yufang Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215213, China
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