Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids in Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) Oil

The Genome of the Korean Island-Originated Perilla citriodora 'Jeju17' Sheds Light on Its Environmental Adaptation and Fatty Acid and Lipid Production Pathways

Perilla is a key component of Korean food. It contains several plant-specialized metabolites that provide medical benefits. In response to an increased interest in healthy supplement food from the public, people are focusing on the properties of Perilla. Nevertheless, unlike rice and soybeans, there are few studies based on molecular genetics on Perilla, so it is difficult to systematically study the molecular breed. The wild Perilla, Perilla citriodora 'Jeju17', was identified a decade ago on the Korean island of Jeju. Using short-reads, long-reads, and Hi-C, a chromosome-scale genome spanning 676 Mbp, with high contiguity, was assembled. Aligning the 'Jeju17' genome to the 'PC002' Chinese species revealed significant collinearity with respect to the total length. A total of 31,769 coding sequences were predicted, among which 3331 were 'Jeju17'-specific. Gene enrichment of the species-specific gene repertoire highlighted environment adaptation, fatty acid metabolism, and plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis. Using a homology-based approach, genes involved in fatty acid and lipid triacylglycerol biosynthesis were identified. A total of 22 fatty acid desaturases were found and comprehensively characterized. Expression of the FAD genes in 'Jeju17' was examined at the seed level, and hormone signaling factors were identified. The results showed that the expression of FAD genes in 'Jeju17' at the seed level was high 25 days after flowering, and their responses of hormones and stress were mainly associated with hormone signal transduction and abiotic stress via cis-elements patterns. This study presents a chromosome-level genome assembly of P. citriodora 'Jeju17', the first wild Perilla to be sequenced from the Korean island of Jeju. The analyses provided can be useful in designing ALA-enhanced Perilla genotypes in the future.

Experimental investigation of the strong stability, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect and high bioabsorbability of a perilla oil or linseed oil nanoemulsion system

Perilla oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) are very rich in nutrients and have great potential market value. Using the Cremophor RH40-Span80 preparation system to make a perilla oil nanoemulsion (PON) or linseed oil nanoemulsion (LON) can improve the bioavailability and stability of these oils. The effect of different reaction conditions on the stability of the emulsion was investigated. The results showed that the PON and LON have good stability at pH ≥ 7, different storage temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 37 °C and 55 °C) and different NaCl concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 M). Meanwhile, it was found that the content of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the nanoemulsion did not change significantly over 7 days, further demonstrating the stability of the nanoemulsion. Through anti-inflammatory and antibacterial tests, it was found that the PON and LON have an effective inhibitory effect on inflammation; moreover, the PON inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas tolaasii, and the LON has an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas tolaasii (inhibition zone > 10 mm). In addition, we found that there were no pathological differences in the heart, liver, spleen and kidney of Kunming mice between the PO and PON groups and the LO and LON groups. Furthermore, after intraperitoneal injection of P 407 into mice, the comparison between PON and PO and between LON and LO showed that the blood lipid levels of the mice in the PON and LON treatment groups increased, indicating that the absorption capacity of the small intestine of the mice for the PON and LON was enhanced. Therefore, the preparation of the PON and LON has good development prospects and opens up opportunities in the development of the food industry.

Strong stability, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effect and high bioabsorbability of a perilla oil or linseed oil nanoemulsion system.