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Wang Z, Albers FE, Wang SE, English DR, Lynch BM. Biased effects of pre-diagnostic physical activity on breast cancer survival: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2024; 89:102544. [PMID: 38359727 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-diagnostic physical activity is reported to improve survival for women with breast cancer. However, studies of pre-diagnostic exposures and cancer survival are susceptible to bias, made clear when applying a target trial framework. We investigated the impact of selection bias, immortal time bias, confounding and bias due to inappropriate adjustment for post-exposure variables in a systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-diagnostic physical activity and survival after breast cancer. METHODS Medline, Embase and Emcare were searched from inception to November 2021 for studies examining pre-diagnostic physical activity and overall or breast cancer-specific survival for women with breast cancer. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing highest versus lowest pre-diagnostic physical activity. Subgroup meta-analyses were used to compare HRs of studies with and without different biases. ROBINS-E was used to assess risk of bias. RESULTS We included 22 studies. Women with highest versus lowest pre-diagnostic physical activity had higher overall and breast cancer-specific survival across most analyses. The overall risk of bias was high. We observed marked differences in estimated HRs between studies that did and did not adjust for post-exposure variables or have immortal time bias. All studies were at risk of selection bias due to participants becoming eligible for study when they have survived to post-exposure events (e.g., breast cancer diagnosis). Insufficient studies were available to investigate confounding. CONCLUSION Biases can substantially change effect estimates. Due to misalignment of treatment assignment (before diagnosis), eligibility (survival to post-exposure events) and start of follow-up, bias is difficult to avoid. It is difficult to lend a causal interpretation to effect estimates from studies of pre-diagnostic physical activity and survival after cancer. Biased effect estimates that are difficult to interpret may be less useful for clinical or public health policy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frances Em Albers
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabrina E Wang
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brigid M Lynch
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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2
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Cariolou M, Abar L, Aune D, Balducci K, Becerra‐Tomás N, Greenwood DC, Markozannes G, Nanu N, Vieira R, Giovannucci EL, Gunter MJ, Jackson AA, Kampman E, Lund V, Allen K, Brockton NT, Croker H, Katsikioti D, McGinley‐Gieser D, Mitrou P, Wiseman M, Cross AJ, Riboli E, Clinton SK, McTiernan A, Norat T, Tsilidis KK, Chan DSM. Postdiagnosis recreational physical activity and breast cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:600-615. [PMID: 36279903 PMCID: PMC10091720 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is important to clarify the associations between modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical activity and breast cancer prognosis to enable the development of evidence-based survivorship recommendations. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses to summarise the evidence on the relationship between postbreast cancer diagnosis physical activity and mortality, recurrence and second primary cancers. We searched PubMed and Embase through 31st October 2021 and included 20 observational studies and three follow-up observational analyses of patients enrolled in clinical trials. In linear dose-response meta-analysis of the observational studies, each 10-unit increase in metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-h/week higher recreational physical activity was associated with 15% and 14% lower risk of all-cause (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8%-22%, studies = 12, deaths = 3670) and breast cancer-specific mortality (95% CI: 4%-23%, studies = 11, deaths = 1632), respectively. Recreational physical activity was not associated with breast cancer recurrence (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91-1.05, studies = 6, deaths = 1705). Nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses indicated 48% lower all-cause and 38% lower breast cancer-specific mortality with increasing recreational physical activity up to 20 MET-h/week, but little further reduction in risk at higher levels. Predefined subgroup analyses across strata of body mass index, hormone receptors, adjustment for confounders, number of deaths, menopause and physical activity intensities were consistent in direction and magnitude to the main analyses. Considering the methodological limitations of the included studies, the independent Expert Panel concluded 'limited-suggestive' likelihood of causality for an association between recreational physical activity and lower risk of all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Cariolou
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Leila Abar
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NutritionBjørknes University CollegeOsloNorway
- Department of EndocrinologyMorbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional EpidemiologyInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Katia Balducci
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Nerea Becerra‐Tomás
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Darren C. Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Hygiene and EpidemiologyUniversity of Ioannina Medical SchoolIoanninaGreece
| | - Neesha Nanu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rita Vieira
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NutritionHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism SectionInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Alan A. Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- National Institute of Health Research Cancer and Nutrition CollaborationSouthamptonUK
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Vivien Lund
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Kate Allen
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | | | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda J. Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Department of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Hygiene and EpidemiologyUniversity of Ioannina Medical SchoolIoanninaGreece
| | - Doris S. M. Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
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3
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Becerra‐Tomás N, Balducci K, Abar L, Aune D, Cariolou M, Greenwood DC, Markozannes G, Nanu N, Vieira R, Giovannucci EL, Gunter MJ, Jackson AA, Kampman E, Lund V, Allen K, Brockton NT, Croker H, Katsikioti D, McGinley‐Gieser D, Mitrou P, Wiseman M, Cross AJ, Riboli E, Clinton SK, McTiernan A, Norat T, Tsilidis KK, Chan DSM. Postdiagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and breast cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:616-634. [PMID: 36279902 PMCID: PMC10092903 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how diet might influence breast cancer prognosis. The current systematic reviews and meta-analyses summarise the evidence on postdiagnosis dietary factors and breast cancer outcomes from randomised controlled trials and longitudinal observational studies. PubMed and Embase were searched through 31st October 2021. Random-effects linear dose-response meta-analysis was conducted when at least three studies with sufficient information were available. The quality of the evidence was evaluated by an independent Expert Panel. We identified 108 publications. No meta-analysis was conducted for dietary patterns, vegetables, wholegrains, fish, meat, and supplements due to few studies, often with insufficient data. Meta-analysis was only possible for all-cause mortality with dairy, isoflavone, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, alcohol intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and for breast cancer-specific mortality with fruit, dairy, carbohydrate, protein, dietary fat, fibre, alcohol intake and serum 25(OH)D. The results, with few exceptions, were generally null. There was limited-suggestive evidence that predefined dietary patterns may reduce the risk of all-cause and other causes of death; that isoflavone intake reduces the risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk (RR) per 2 mg/day: 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-1.02), breast cancer-specific mortality (RR for high vs low: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.64-1.07), and recurrence (RR for high vs low: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61-0.92); that dietary fibre intake decreases all-cause mortality (RR per 10 g/day: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80-0.94); and that serum 25(OH)D is inversely associated with all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality (RR per 10 nmol/L: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89-0.97 and 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.99, respectively). The remaining associations were graded as limited-no conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Becerra‐Tomás
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katia Balducci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Leila Abar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NutritionBjørknes University CollegeOsloNorway
- Department of EndocrinologyMorbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional EpidemiologyInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Margarita Cariolou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Darren C. Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Hygiene and EpidemiologyUniversity of Ioannina Medical SchoolIoanninaGreece
| | - Neesha Nanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rita Vieira
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NutritionHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism SectionInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Alan A. Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- National Institute of Health Research Cancer and Nutrition CollaborationSouthamptonUK
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Vivien Lund
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Kate Allen
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | | | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda J. Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Department of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Hygiene and EpidemiologyUniversity of Ioannina Medical SchoolIoanninaGreece
| | - Doris S. M. Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
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4
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Chan DS, Vieira R, Abar L, Aune D, Balducci K, Cariolou M, Greenwood DC, Markozannes G, Nanu N, Becerra‐Tomás N, Giovannucci EL, Gunter MJ, Jackson AA, Kampman E, Lund V, Allen K, Brockton NT, Croker H, Katsikioti D, McGinley‐Gieser D, Mitrou P, Wiseman M, Cross AJ, Riboli E, Clinton SK, McTiernan A, Norat T, Tsilidis KK. Postdiagnosis body fatness, weight change and breast cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Program (CUP global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:572-599. [PMID: 36279884 PMCID: PMC10092239 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous evidence on postdiagnosis body fatness and mortality after breast cancer was graded as limited-suggestive. To evaluate the evidence on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip-ratio and weight change in relation to breast cancer prognosis, an updated systematic review was conducted. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant studies published up to 31 October, 2021. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate summary relative risks (RRs). The evidence was judged by an independent Expert Panel using pre-defined grading criteria. One randomized controlled trial and 225 observational studies were reviewed (220 publications). There was strong evidence (likelihood of causality: probable) that higher postdiagnosis BMI was associated with increased all-cause mortality (64 studies, 32 507 deaths), breast cancer-specific mortality (39 studies, 14 106 deaths) and second primary breast cancer (11 studies, 5248 events). The respective summary RRs and 95% confidence intervals per 5 kg/m2 BMI were 1.07 (1.05-1.10), 1.10 (1.06-1.14) and 1.14 (1.04-1.26), with high between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 56%, 60%, 66%), but generally consistent positive associations. Positive associations were also observed for waist circumference, waist-hip-ratio and all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality. There was limited-suggestive evidence that postdiagnosis BMI was associated with higher risk of recurrence, nonbreast cancer deaths and cardiovascular deaths. The evidence for postdiagnosis (unexplained) weight or BMI change and all outcomes was graded as limited-no conclusion. The RCT showed potential beneficial effect of intentional weight loss on disease-free-survival, but more intervention trials and well-designed observational studies in diverse populations are needed to elucidate the impact of body composition and their changes on breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris S.M. Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rita Vieira
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Leila Abar
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NutritionBjørknes University CollegeOsloNorway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Katia Balducci
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Margarita Cariolou
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Darren C. Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Hygiene and EpidemiologyUniversity of Ioannina Medical SchoolIoanninaGreece
| | - Neesha Nanu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Nerea Becerra‐Tomás
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Alan A. Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- National Institute of Health Research Cancer and Nutrition CollaborationSouthamptonUK
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Vivien Lund
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Kate Allen
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | | | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda J. Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Department of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Hygiene and EpidemiologyUniversity of Ioannina Medical SchoolIoanninaGreece
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5
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Pang Y, Wei Y, Kartsonaki C. Associations of adiposity and weight change with recurrence and survival in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:575-588. [PMID: 35579841 PMCID: PMC9226105 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiposity and weight change among patients with breast cancer are associated with mortality, but there is limited evidence on the associations with distant recurrence or other causes of death or on central adiposity. Moreover, the relationship with breast cancer subtypes and by menopause status is unclear. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of breast cancer patients investigating the associations of general and central adiposity (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference [WC], respectively), before and after diagnosis, and weight change, with all-cause mortality, breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM), and recurrence. RESULTS 173 studies (519,544 patients, 60,249 deaths overall, and 25,751 breast cancer deaths) were included. For BMI < 1 year post diagnosis, compared with normal weight women, the summary relative risk (RR) for obese women was 1.21 (1.15-1.27) for all-cause mortality, 1.22 (1.13-1.32) for BCSM, 1.12 (1.06-1.18) for recurrence, and 1.19 (1.11-1.28) for distant recurrence. Obesity was associated with all-cause mortality and BCSM in patients with ER+ or HER2+ tumors, whereas no clear association was observed in patients with triple-negative tumors. Similar associations were observed by menopausal status. Stronger associations were observed in East Asians than Europeans. Central adiposity was associated with all-cause mortality, while large weight gain was associated with all-cause mortality, BCSM, and recurrence. CONCLUSION Higher adiposity is associated with all-cause mortality, BCSM, recurrence, and distant recurrence in breast cancer patients, with similar associations by menopausal status and some evidence of heterogeneity by subtypes. Weight gain is also associated with recurrence and survival among breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuxia Wei
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, C6 Institutet för miljömedicin, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Big Data Institute Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Big Data Institute Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
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6
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Sprague BL, Ahern TP, Herschorn SD, Sowden M, Weaver DL, Wood ME. Identifying key barriers to effective breast cancer control in rural settings. Prev Med 2021; 152:106741. [PMID: 34302837 PMCID: PMC8545865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality among women in the United States. Efforts to promote breast cancer control in rural settings face specific challenges. Access to breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment services is impaired by shortages of primary care and specialist providers, and geographic distance from medical facilities. Women in rural areas have comparable breast cancer mortality rates compared to women in urban settings, but this is due in large part to lower incidence rates and masks a substantial rural/urban disparity in breast cancer survival among women diagnosed with breast cancer. Mammography screening utilization rates are slightly lower among rural women than their urban counterparts, with a corresponding increase in late stage breast cancer. Differences in breast cancer survival persist after controlling for stage at diagnosis, largely due to disparities in access to treatment. Travel distance to treatment centers is the most substantial barrier to improved breast cancer outcomes in rural areas. While numerous interventions have been demonstrated in controlled studies to be effective in promoting treatment access and adherence, widespread dissemination in public health and clinical practice remains lacking. Efforts to improve breast cancer control in rural areas should focus on implementation strategies for improving access to breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Sprague
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Thomas P Ahern
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sally D Herschorn
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Michelle Sowden
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Donald L Weaver
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marie E Wood
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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7
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Lilleborge M, Falk RS, Sørlie T, Ursin G, Hofvind S. Can breast cancer be stopped? Modifiable risk factors of breast cancer among women with a prior benign or premalignant lesion. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1247-1256. [PMID: 33990967 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity, high postmenopausal body mass index, alcohol consumption and use of menopausal hormone therapy are established risk factors for breast cancer. Less is known about whether these factors influence the risk of progression of benign and premalignant breast lesions to invasive breast cancer. This registry-based cohort study was based on women with a precancerous lesion who were followed for breast cancer. The cohort consisted of 11 270 women with a benign lesion, 972 women with hyperplasia with atypia and 2379 women with carcinoma in situ diagnosed and treated after participation in BreastScreen Norway, 2006-2016. Information on breast cancer risk factors was collected by a questionnaire administered with the invitation letter. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association between breast cancer and physical activity, body mass index, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and menopausal hormone therapy, adjusted for age. During follow-up, 274 women with a benign lesion, 34 women with hyperplasia with atypia and 118 women with carcinoma in situ were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. We observed an increased risk of breast cancer associated with use of menopausal hormone therapy for women with a benign or premalignant lesion. Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking showed suggestive increased risk of breast cancer among women with a benign lesion. We were only to a limited degree able to identify associations between modifiable risk factors of breast cancer and the disease among women with a precancerous lesion, and a larger study is needed to confirm or refute associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lilleborge
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild S Falk
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giske Ursin
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Solveig Hofvind
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Higgins ST, Kurti AN, Palmer M, Tidey JW, Cepeda-Benito A, Cooper MR, Krebs NM, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Hart JL, Stanton CA. A review of tobacco regulatory science research on vulnerable populations. Prev Med 2019; 128:105709. [PMID: 31054904 PMCID: PMC6824984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2013 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and National Institutes of Health established fourteen Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science (TCORS) to advance scientific knowledge relevant to conducting evidence-based tobacco regulation. This report reviews TCORS-funded research with adult vulnerable populations. The literature search included a list of all TCORS-funded publications compiled by the TCORS coordinating center; all TCORS were requested to share publications not in the coordinating-center's list. Only TCORS-funded reports describing an empirical study with an adult vulnerable population published in a peer-reviewed journal between September 2013 and June 2018 were included. 71 reports met inclusion criteria; 39% (28/71) examined tobacco use among those with mental health and medical comorbidities, 34% (24/71) socioeconomic disadvantage, 31% (22/71) women of reproductive age, 30% (21/71) racial/ethnic minorities, 18% (13/71) rural residents, and 3% (2/71) each among active military/veterans and sexual/gender minorities. Regarding scientific domains, 63% (45/71) investigated behavior, 37% (26/71) addiction, 24% (17/71) health effects, 20% (14/71) impact analyses, 18% (13/71) toxicity, 8% (6/71) marketing influences, and 7% (5/71) communications. Totals exceed 100% because some reports addressed multiple populations/domains. TCORS funding has generated a substantial, multidisciplinary body of new scientific knowledge on tobacco use in adult vulnerable populations. However, considerable variability was noted in the amount of research conducted across the various vulnerable populations and scientific domains. Most notably, relatively few studies focused on active military/veterans or sexual/gender minorities, and the scientific domains of marketing influences and communications were conspicuously underrepresented. These are important knowledge gaps to address going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joy L Hart
- University of Louisville, United States of America
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Hart V, Trentham-Dietz A, Berkman A, Fujii M, Veal C, Hampton J, Gangnon RE, Newcomb PA, Gilchrist SC, Sprague BL. The association between post-diagnosis health behaviors and long-term quality of life in survivors of ductal carcinoma in situ: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. Qual Life Res 2018; 27:1237-1247. [PMID: 29417425 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-018-1807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) often experience adverse changes in health-related behaviors following diagnosis. The impact of health behaviors on long-term quality of life (QoL) in DCIS survivors has not been investigated. METHODS We examined the association of post-diagnosis body mass index (BMI), physical activity, alcohol, and smoking with QoL among 1448 DCIS survivors aged 20-74 enrolled in the population-based Wisconsin in situ Cohort from 1997 to 2006. Health behaviors and QoL were self-reported during biennial post-diagnosis interviews. Physical and mental QoL were measured using the validated SF-36 questionnaire. Generalized linear regression was used to determine the association between behaviors and QoL with adjustment for confounders. Lagged behavior variables were used to predict QoL during follow-up and avoid reverse causation. RESULTS Women reported 3,536 QoL observations over an average 7.9 years of follow-up. Women maintaining a healthy BMI had on average a significantly higher summary measure score of physical QoL than obese women (normal versus obese: β = 3.02; 2.18, 3.85). Physical QoL scores were also elevated among those who were physically active (5 + h/week vs. none: β = 1.96; 0.72, 3.20), those consuming at least seven drinks/week of alcohol (vs. none; β = 1.40; 0.39, 2.41), and nonsmokers (vs. current smokers: β = 1.80; 0.89, 2.71). Summary measures of mental QoL were significantly higher among women who were moderately physically active (up to 2 h/week vs. none: β = 1.11; 0.30, 1.92) and nonsmokers (vs. current smokers: β = 1.49;0.45, 2.53). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that maintaining healthy behaviors following DCIS treatment is associated with modest improvements in long-term QoL. These results inform interventions aimed at promoting healthy behaviors and optimizing QoL in DCIS survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Hart
- Vermont Center for Behavior and Health, Office of Health Promotion Research, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Rm. 4425, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Amy Trentham-Dietz
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy Berkman
- Office of Health Promotion Research and Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mayo Fujii
- Office of Health Promotion Research and Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christopher Veal
- Vermont Center for Behavior and Health, Office of Health Promotion Research, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Rm. 4425, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - John Hampton
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald E Gangnon
- Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics and Population Health Sciences, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan C Gilchrist
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian L Sprague
- Vermont Center for Behavior and Health, Office of Health Promotion Research, Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Rm. 4425, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
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Risk of death from cardiovascular disease following breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 164:537-555. [PMID: 28503723 PMCID: PMC5495872 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer incidence and survival is high, which results in high prevalence of breast cancer survivors. The risk of (death from) cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in patients exposed to cardiotoxic treatments, in particular if they have pre-existing CVD risk factors. This study systematically summarized the risk of death from CVD following breast cancer. Methods Databases of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched using the following terms and synonyms: breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cause of death. Articles reporting on both risk and risk factors of CVD mortality following breast cancer were eligible for inclusion. The methodological quality of each article was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa quality assessment scale for cohort studies. Results Fourteen articles were included assessing the risk of CVD mortality among 1,217,910 women with breast cancer. The methodological quality was high for the majority of the studies. Studies were heterogeneous in design, study population, length of follow-up, CVD outcomes, and risk factors. 1.6–10.4% of all women with breast cancer died of CVD. Women with breast cancer had a higher risk of CVD mortality than women from the general population. The risk of CVD mortality was higher among women with breast cancer with older age at diagnosis, left-sided tumor, diagnosis in an earlier calendar period, and black ethnic origin. Conclusions CVD is an important cause of death following breast cancer. Identification of patients at high risk of CVD is important to optimize CVD prevention and tailor breast cancer treatment.
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