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Li SJ, Lee J, Hall J, Sutherland TR. The inferior vena cava: anatomical variants and acquired pathologies. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:123. [PMID: 34460015 PMCID: PMC8405820 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the body, draining blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities. This pictorial review summarises normal anatomy and embryological development of the IVC. In addition, we highlight a wide range of anatomical variants, acquired pathologies and a common pitfall in imaging of the IVC. This information is essential for clinical decision making and to reduce misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Li
- Medical Imaging Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Jean Lee
- Medical Imaging Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Medical Imaging Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom R Sutherland
- Medical Imaging Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Liu Q, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Zhao G, Liu R, Lau WY. Robotic resection of benign nonadrenal retroperitoneal tumors: A consecutive case series. Int J Surg 2018; 55:188-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Park SL, Rhyu CJ, Kim KI, Chon SW, Kim TW, Koh JW. Perioperative anesthetic management of a patient with catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma -A case report-. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.17085/apm.2017.12.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Lee Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Joon Rhyu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwon Il Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Chon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Koh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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You Z, Deng Y, Shrestha A, Li F, Cheng N. Primary malignant hepatic paraganglioma mimicking liver tumor: A case report. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1176-1178. [PMID: 26622647 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma is also known as a paraganglioma. The present study reported the case of a 47-year-old female patient with an extremely rare primary nonfunctioning hepatic paraganglioma without any clinical signs and symptoms. A computed tomography scan of the entire abdomen region revealed a hyper-enhanced, well-marginated round mass located in segment 3 of the liver. A preoperative diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was established and a left lateral hepatic lobectomy was performed. During the removal of the mass, the patient experienced extreme fluctuations in blood pressure. Analysis of hepatic and peripheral venous blood test results confirmed the increase of noradrenaline secretion. Postoperatively, the patient's blood pressure and catecholamine level returned to the normal range. However, three years after surgery, a plasma catecholamine examination revealed a high noradrenaline level. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed two metastases, located in the spleen and below the right posterior lobe of the liver, which were identified as malignant paragangliomas. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with primary malignant hepatic paraganglioma recurrence three years after hepatic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen You
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yilei Deng
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Anuj Shrestha
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fuyu Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Nansheng Cheng
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Jia C, Wang X, Dai C, Bu X, Peng S, Xu F, Xu Y, Zhao Y. Resection of a malignant paraganglioma located behind the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava. BMC Surg 2013; 13:49. [PMID: 24164783 PMCID: PMC3840563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-13-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resection of a retrocaval paraganglioma is technically challenging due to limited tumor accessibility and proximity to the vena cava. CASE PRESENTATION A large, malignant paraganglioma was found behind the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava of a 60-year-old male. During resection of this rare paraganglioma, the left lateral lobe of the liver, a portion of the caudate lobe of the liver, and the gallbladder were also removed. Unfortunately, the patient died six months after surgery due to hepatic metastasis. CONCLUSION This case demonstrates that a partial hepatectomy may be necessary to improve tumor accessibility during resection of a retrocaval paraganglioma, particularly if the tumor is proximal to the vena cava. Furthermore, palliative treatments may help prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis of malignant paragangliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Jia
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Chaoliu Dai
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xianmin Bu
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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Kim HY, Kim JY, Kim HK, Baek SH. Hypertensive Crisis during Removal of Retroperitoneal Mass in a Patient with Undiagnosed Paraganglioma - A Case Report -. Korean J Crit Care Med 2013. [DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2013.28.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Joo-Yun Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hae-Kyu Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Baek
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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Kumar P, Bryant T, Breen D, Stedman B, Hacking N. Transarterial embolization and doxorubicin eluting beads-transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) of malignant extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 34:1325-9. [PMID: 21437761 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-011-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gambí D, Garrido F, Menéndez P, Serantes A, Sancho E. Paraganglioma retroperitoneal maligno. Causa infrecuente de hipertensión arterial. Cir Esp 2011; 89:476-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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