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Sarmadian R, Safi F, Sarmadian H, Shokrpour M, Almasi-Hashiani A. Treatment modalities for granulomatous mastitis, seeking the most appropriate treatment with the least recurrence rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:164. [PMID: 38475841 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease with an unknown etiology that predominantly affects women of reproductive age. The definitive treatment of GM is currently controversial; an appropriate therapeutic strategy has yet to be identified, and the disease's high recurrence rate remains. This study aims to determine the recurrence rate for each GM treatment strategy to identify the most appropriate treatment modality. METHODS The search for relevant articles was undertaken using three international databases, including Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles published in English until the end of 2021 evaluating the recurrence rate of GM were included. Using Stata 13.0, the pooled incidence and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the recurrence rate were determined. RESULTS Sixty-five eligible studies were included in our study. The recurrence rates of systemic steroid use, topical steroid use, antibiotic use, methotrexate use, observation, drainage, excision, antibiotic use and surgery, steroid use and surgery, antibiotic and steroid use, methotrexate and steroid use were 24% (95% CI: 21-27%), 11% (95% CI: 6-21%), 18% (95% CI: 14-22%), 13% (95% CI: 7-22%), 11% (95% CI: 7-17%), 65% (95% CI: 50-78%), 13% (95% CI: 10-16%), 23% (95% CI: 14-36%), 7% (95% CI: 5-11%), 11% (95% CI: 6-18%), and 4% (95% CI: 2-8%), respectively. Drainage had the highest recurrence rate, while combined methotrexate and steroid treatment had the lowest rate. CONCLUSION The optimal treatment strategy for GM depends on the disease's severity, consequences, and the patient's features. The study results indicate that combination therapy is preferable for minimizing the risk of relapse and reducing treatment complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roham Sarmadian
- Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hossein Sarmadian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Maryam Shokrpour
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Almasi-Hashiani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Basij Square, Arak, Iran.
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center (TCMRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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Wang X, He X, Liu J, Zhang H, Wan H, Luo J, Yang J. Immune pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: from etiology toward therapeutic approaches. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1295759. [PMID: 38529282 PMCID: PMC10961981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1295759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a noncancerous, chronic inflammatory disorder of breast with unknown causes, posing significant challenges to the quality of life due to its high refractoriness and local aggressiveness. The typical symptoms of this disease involve skin redness, a firm and tender breast mass and mastalgia; others may include swelling, fistula, abscess (often without fever), nipple retraction, and peau d'orange appearance. IGM often mimics breast abscesses or malignancies, particularly inflammatory breast cancer, and is characterized by absent standardized treatment options, inconsistent patient response and unknown mechanism. Definite diagnosis of this disease relies on core needle biopsy and histopathological examination. The prevailing etiological theory suggests that IGM is an autoimmune disease, as some patients respond well to steroid treatment. Additionally, the presence of concurrent erythema nodosum or other autoimmune conditions supports the autoimmune nature of the disease. Based on current knowledge, this review aims to elucidate the autoimmune-favored features of IGM and explore its potential etiologies. Furthermore, we discuss the immune-mediated pathogenesis of IGM using existing research and propose immunotherapeutic strategies for managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujing He
- Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hangyu Wan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiqiao Yang
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li S, Huang Q, Song P, Han X, Liu Z, Zhou L, Ning P. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic strategy of granulomatous mastitis accompanied by Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:388. [PMID: 37491234 PMCID: PMC10369769 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has suggested that Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii is associated with some cases of granulomatous mastitis, mostly based on pathology or microbiology. We aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and treatment regimens for granulomatous mastitis with Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii infection. Understanding these clinical features is essential for patient care. METHODS We retrospectively collected data on 201 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with granulomatous mastitis and had microbiological results of either Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii or no bacterial growth and recorded and analysed their demographics, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There were 107 patients in the CK group and 94 patients in the negative group. Sinus formation (x2 = 13.028, p = 0.000), time to complete remission at the first treatment period (Z = -3.027, p = 0.002), diameter of breast mass at first-time medical consultancy (Z = -2.539, p = 0.011) and recurrence (x2 = 4.953, p = 0.026) were statistically significant. Age (Z = -1.046, p = 0.295), laterality (x2 = 4.217, p = 0.121), time to presentation since the last delivery (x2 = 0.028, p = 0.868), BMI (Z = -0.947, p = 0.344), lactation time (Z = -1.378, p = 0.168), parity (x2 = 1.799, p = 0.180), gravida (Z = -0.144, p = 0.885), history of lactational mastitis or abscess (x2 = 0.115, p = 0.734), local trauma (x2 = 0.982, p = 0.322), hyperprolactinemia (x2 = 0.706, p = 0.401), erythema nodosum (x2 = 0.292, p = 0.589), and nipple discharge (x2 = 0.281, p = 0.596) did not demonstrate statistical significance. Regarding recurrence related to therapeutic strategy, except for surgery combined with immunosuppressants (x2 = 9.110, p = 0.003), which was statistically significant, none of the other treatment regimens reached statistical significance. The recurrence rate of patients in the CK group using rifampicin in their treatment course was 22.0% (x2 = 4.892, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Granulomatous mastitis accompanied by Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii more easily forms sinuses and has a higher recurrence rate. Both of the clinical characteristics may indicate that Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii plays an important role in the development and progression of granulomatous mastitis. Lipophilic antibiotics may be essential for granulomatous mastitis with Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShunBo Li
- Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.1617, Riyue Avenue 1St Section, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Qian Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - PeiPei Song
- Department of Laboratory, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - XiaoRong Han
- Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.1617, Riyue Avenue 1St Section, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - ZeYu Liu
- Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.1617, Riyue Avenue 1St Section, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.1617, Riyue Avenue 1St Section, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.1617, Riyue Avenue 1St Section, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China.
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Han YK, Ting W, Ting P, Yv XB, Xi SR, Gang L. Case report on gynecomastia with ipsilateral recurrence of granulomatous lobular mastitis. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231187815. [PMID: 37523475 PMCID: PMC10392419 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231187815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a rare case of male granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) with recurrence in different sites on the ipsilateral side. A 48-year-old male patient presented with no previous history of breast-related disease, and physical examination suggested a mass in the right breast. Ultrasonography revealed a cyst and infection in the right breast. No obvious abnormality was found in laboratory analysis, and a core needle biopsy revealed GLM. Incision and drainage were applied to the right lesion, and symptoms resolved within a few weeks. At 2 years following this initial presentation, the patient reported that the right breast mass reappeared in different locations after the consumption of alcohol. Relevant examination and a core needle biopsy again suggested GLM of the right breast. The patient declined hormone therapy and was subsequently lost to follow-up. After reviewing this case, the course of the disease in this patient, and the connection between gynecomastia and GLM, along with ipsilateral recurrence, are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ke Han
- Department of the First School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou, China
| | - Wang Ting
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Ting
- Department of the First School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Bing Yv
- Department of the First School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou, China
| | - Shu Ran Xi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Lyu Gang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Tian C, Han X, Liu Z, Lv X, Ning P. Management of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis and Risk Factors Associated with Recurrence. World J Surg 2022; 46:2706-2714. [PMID: 35963955 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-022-06687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GM), an inflammatory breast lesion with unknown etiology, is prone to recur. There is no global consensus on the optimal treatment at present. This study was conducted to show our step-by-step systemic procedure and discuss the recurrence risk factors of GM. METHODS The medical record database was retrospectively searched for patients with GM treated in our hospital between January 2015 and September 2021. Patients were divided into non-recurrence group (group A) and recurrence group (group B). Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment and follow-up were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 885 GM patients were included in our study, all of whom received step-by-step systemic management. The mean age was 33.2 ± 5.2 years. There were 760 (85.9%) patients in group A and 125 (14.1%) in group B. Univariate analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in size of mass, pregnancy, hyperprolactinemia, bacterial cultures, erythema nodosum. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with purulent nipple discharge, skin lesion, bilateral disease and patients who need the combination of surgery and medication to achieve complete remission had higher risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS We built a step-by-step systemic procedure for GM, and the recurrence rate was 14.1%. Prolactin level and microbiological results are important for the management of GM. Purulent nipple discharge, skin lesion, bilateral disease and patients who need the combination of surgery and medication to achieve complete remission are associated with GM recurrence. Prolonged maintenance therapy may secure a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Tian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 1617 Riyue Ave, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610091, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaorong Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 1617 Riyue Ave, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610091, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 1617 Riyue Ave, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610091, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinlin Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 1617 Riyue Ave, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610091, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 1617 Riyue Ave, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610091, Sichuan, China.
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Ling J, Xie X, Wang Y, Huang W, Luo J, Su J, Fan H, Wu S, Liu L. Differential expression profiles of miRNA in granulomatous lobular mastitis and identification of possible biomarkers. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:500. [PMID: 35837043 PMCID: PMC9257833 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) remain largely elusive and the expression levels and regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in GLM have remained mostly undetermined. In the present study, the miRNAs that were differentially expressed in breast biopsy samples from patients with GLM and normal tissue adjacent to fibroadenoma were analyzed, a comprehensive differential expression profile of miRNAs was provided and potential biomarkers were screened out. The expression profile of miRNAs was determined by high-throughput sequencing in the tissues of patients with GLM and healthy controls. Significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were screened by threshold setting and cluster analysis and their target genes were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, circulating differentially expressed miRNAs between the GLM and control groups were further analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 31,077 miRNAs were detected by high-throughput sequencing. By using the cutoff criteria of |log2 fold change|>2.5 and q<0.001, 13 miRNAs that were indicated to be GLM biomarkers were screened out. The expression levels of these 13 miRNAs in the GLM group were higher than those in the control group. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that the occurrence and development of GLM may be associated with autoimmune inflammation, metabolism and pathogenic organisms. miR-451a and miR-5571-3p were confirmed to be significantly increased in the serum of patients with GLM compared with their levels in the serum of healthy volunteers, which suggests that they may be used as biomarkers of GLM. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first report detailing genome-wide miRNA profiling of patients with GLM compared with controls. The possible targets and pathways of GLM were evaluated by bioinformatics analysis. The present study identified 13 differentially expressed miRNAs with important theoretical significance and potential application. Furthermore, miR-451a and miR-5571-3p were verified by RT-qPCR as possible biomarkers of GLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ling
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Xianmin Xie
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Galactophore, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Weifang Huang
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Jingqun Su
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiao Fan
- Department of Galactophore, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Shiting Wu
- Department of Galactophore, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Galactophore, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 41000, P.R. China
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Toktas O, Toprak N, Elasan S, Calli I, Binici S. Treatment of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Local Steroid Administration vs. Systemic (Oral) Steroid. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-022-03447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mabuchi S, Ohta R, Egawa K, Narai Y, Sano C. Granulomatous Mastitis With Erythema Nodosum During Pregnancy: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e24990. [PMID: 35719752 PMCID: PMC9190252 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous mastitis is a rare benign disease that typically occurs in parous women. Some reports have described cases of erythema nodosum appearing following granulomatous mastitis, which is often treated with steroids. Here, we report a case of granulomatous mastitis with erythema nodosum successfully treated via drainage only, which may have been caused by the higher plasma cortisol levels observed during pregnancy. Although mastitis is rare during pregnancy, the current case suggests that granulomatous mastitis should be considered in pregnant women with treatment-resistant mastitis, especially in those with erythema nodosum and a history of birth. Furthermore, patients with granulomatous mastitis may not require prednisolone treatment during pregnancy, which may help in preventing steroid-associated conditions such as infections and gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis - new approach in operative treatment. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh200914006r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (GM) is described as a very
rare, non-lactating, chronic mastitis that occurs primarily in women of
childbearing age. Significant clinical problem related to GM is the
diagnostic differentiation from breast cancer. Less advanced forms of GM can
be successfully treated with limited surgical excisions and radical
treatment is recommended only for the most extensive forms. Case report.
First examination of the patient, by the surgeon at Oncology Institute of
Vojvodina was in December 2018., when initial suspicion of breast cancer was
set up. Core needle biopsy was performed and after histopathological (HP)
analysis, confirmation of GM was obtained. The patient was initially offered
Prednisone and Methotrexate therapy, which she refused and accepted only
surgical treatment. Surgical treatment was performed few weeks after needle
biopsy and consisted of performing a nipple spearing mastectomy with
excision of the orifices of all fistulous ducts and their primary sutures.
The HP findings of the operative specimen confirmed the diagnosis of GM.
While there were no signs of dieses relapse, patient was suggested secondary
reconstruction of the left breast. Twelve months after the primary
operation, secondary breast reconstruction was performed with the
interposition of a contoured silicone implant into a muscle pocket in a
standard manner. Conclusion. Nipple spearing mastectomy with secondary
breast reconstruction is aesthetically satisfactory treatment for patients
with locally advanced GM.
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Koksal H. Response to Re: The Clinical Utility of Autoantibodies in Patients with Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. J INVEST SURG 2021; 35:680-681. [PMID: 33655820 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2021.1893415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hande Koksal
- Department of General Surgery, Saglik Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Ministry of Health Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Ates D, Doner HC, Kurban S, Koksal H. The Effect of Soluble TREM-1 in Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:839-850. [PMID: 33522329 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1879846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM).Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Saglik Bilimleri and Necmettin Erbakan Universities. Sixty patients with IGM diagnosis (Group P) and 25 healthy females as control group (Group C) were included. Group P was divided into two subgroups according to the activity of disease: patients with active lesion (Group PA), and patients without any symptoms, in remission (Group PR). The ELISA method was used to measure sTREM-1 level.Results: Group P's sTREM-1 were higher than Group C (p < .0001). The difference between sTREM-1 levels of Groups PA, PR and C was significant statistically (p < .0001). Group PA's sTREM-1 levels were higher than Group C (p < .0001). Also, sTREM-1 levels of Group PR were higher than Group C (p = .006). When sTREM-1 levels of patients receiving steroid therapy and did not in Group PR were analyzed, the sTREM-1 levels of the patients not receiving steroid treatment were found to be statistically higher than Group C (p = .002). Although the sTREM-1 levels of the patients who did not receive steroid therapy were higher than those who received steroid therapy, the difference was not statistically significant (p > .05).Conclusion: We concluded that the detected high sTREM-1 levels contributed to inflammation in IGM. In particular, blockade of TREM may be a promising treatment option in resistant or multiple recurrent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Ates
- Department of General Surgery, Breast Unit, Saglik Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Ministry of Health Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hulusi Cem Doner
- Department of Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevil Kurban
- Department of Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hande Koksal
- Department of General Surgery, Breast Unit, Saglik Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Ministry of Health Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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