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Li Y, Du J, Deng S, Liu B, Jing X, Yan Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhou X, She Q. The molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and related diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:368. [PMID: 39715759 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-02069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex and intricate process involving numerous molecular signals and pathways. Researchers have explored cardiac development through a long journey, starting with early studies observing morphological changes and progressing to the exploration of molecular mechanisms using various molecular biology methods. Currently, advancements in stem cell technology and sequencing technology, such as the generation of human pluripotent stem cells and cardiac organoids, multi-omics sequencing, and artificial intelligence (AI) technology, have enabled researchers to understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development better. Many molecular signals regulate cardiac development, including various growth and transcription factors and signaling pathways, such as WNT signaling, retinoic acid signaling, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, cilia, the extracellular matrix, epigenetic modifications, and hypoxia conditions also play important roles in cardiac development. These factors play crucial roles at one or even multiple stages of cardiac development. Recent studies have also identified roles for autophagy, metabolic transition, and macrophages in cardiac development. Deficiencies or abnormal expression of these factors can lead to various types of cardiac development abnormalities. Nowadays, congenital heart disease (CHD) management requires lifelong care, primarily involving surgical and pharmacological treatments. Advances in surgical techniques and the development of clinical genetic testing have enabled earlier diagnosis and treatment of CHD. However, these technologies still have significant limitations. The development of new technologies, such as sequencing and AI technologies, will help us better understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and promote earlier prevention and treatment of CHD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianlin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Songbai Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Jing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuling Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology, and Medical Intensive Care, Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Qiang She
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Feng Z, Liu Y, Yang Y, Bai J, Lin QY, Xia YL, Xie Y. Melatonin alleviates aging-related heart failure through melatonin receptor 1A/B knockout in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e38098. [PMID: 39347399 PMCID: PMC11437847 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related cardiovascular diseases continue to be important issues that contribute to the societal burden. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related cardiovascular diseases provides novel opportunities to delay aging and facilitate early disease diagnosis and treatment. This study utilized knockout mice lacking melatonin receptors type 1A (MT1) and 1B (MT2). Ultrasonography, pathological staining, and transcriptomics were used to investigate the role of MT1/2 in the hearts of aging mice. Knockout of both receptors decreased ejection fraction and exacerbated fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis levels in aging mice. Our findings indicated that the cardiac function of MT1 knockout mice was more severely affected than that of MT2 knockout mice. Additionally, we observed that intraperitoneal administration of melatonin (20 mg/kg/day for 90 days) ameliorated abnormal cardiac function in aging mice. However, the absence of MT1/2 resulted in the inability of melatonin to improve cardiac function. Our study, utilizing an aging polymerase chain reaction assay and cell experiments, revealed that melatonin receptors potentially influence cardiac function in aging mice through their effects on leukocyte differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) expression. Consequently, melatonin receptors, particularly MT1, are key contributors to cardiac aging, and therapeutic interventions targeting this receptor are promising for delaying the progression of cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Feng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yijin Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yun-Long Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunpeng Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Hughes DM, Won T, Talor MV, Kalinoski HM, Jurčová I, Szárszoi O, Stříž I, Čurnová L, Bracamonte-Baran W, Melenovský V, Čiháková D. The protective role of GATA6 + pericardial macrophages in pericardial inflammation. iScience 2024; 27:110244. [PMID: 39040070 PMCID: PMC11260870 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Prior research has suggested that GATA6+ pericardial macrophages may traffic to the myocardium to prevent interstitial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI), while subsequent literature claims that they do not. We demonstrate that GATA6+ pericardial macrophages are critical for preventing IL-33 induced pericarditis and attenuate trafficking of inflammatory monocytes and granulocytes to the pericardial cavity after MI. However, absence of GATA6+ macrophages did not affect myocardial inflammation due to MI or coxsackievirus-B3 induced myocarditis, or late-stage cardiac fibrosis and cardiac function post MI. GATA6+ macrophages are significantly less transcriptionally active following stimulation in vitro compared to bone marrow-derived macrophages and do not induce upregulation of inflammatory markers in fibroblasts. This suggests that GATA6+ pericardial macrophages attenuate inflammation through their interactions with surrounding cells. We therefore conclude that GATA6+ pericardial macrophages are critical in modulating pericardial inflammation, but do not play a significant role in controlling myocardial inflammation or fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hughes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hannah M. Kalinoski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ivana Jurčová
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Szárszoi
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Stříž
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Čurnová
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vojtěch Melenovský
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Won T, Song EJ, Kalinoski HM, Moslehi JJ, Čiháková D. Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. Circ Res 2024; 134:1767-1790. [PMID: 38843292 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmunity significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of myocarditis, underscored by its increased frequency in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and polymyositis. Even in cases of myocarditis caused by viral infections, dysregulated immune responses contribute to pathogenesis. However, whether triggered by existing autoimmune conditions or viral infections, the precise antigens and immunologic pathways driving myocarditis remain incompletely understood. The emergence of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, commonly used for treating cancer, has afforded an opportunity to understand autoimmune mechanisms in myocarditis, with autoreactive T cells specific for cardiac myosin playing a pivotal role. Despite their self-antigen recognition, cardiac myosin-specific T cells can be present in healthy individuals due to bypassing the thymic selection stage. In recent studies, novel modalities in suppressing the activity of pathogenic T cells including cardiac myosin-specific T cells have proven effective in treating autoimmune myocarditis. This review offers an overview of the current understanding of heart antigens, autoantibodies, and immune cells as the autoimmune mechanisms underlying various forms of myocarditis, along with the latest updates on clinical management and prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (T.W.)
| | - Evelyn J Song
- Section of Cardio-Oncology and Immunology, Division of Cardiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco (E.J.S., J.J.M.)
| | - Hannah M Kalinoski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (H.M.K., D.Č)
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Section of Cardio-Oncology and Immunology, Division of Cardiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco (E.J.S., J.J.M.)
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (H.M.K., D.Č)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.Č)
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Liu K, Han B. Role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:253-275. [PMID: 37949833 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that mostly affects young people. Myocarditis involves a complex immune network; however, its detailed pathogenesis is currently unclear. The diversity and plasticity of immune cells, either in the peripheral blood or in the heart, have been partially revealed in a number of previous studies involving patients and several kinds of animal models with myocarditis. It is the complexity of immune cells, rather than one cell type that is the culprit. Thus, recognizing the individual intricacies within immune cells in the context of myocarditis pathogenesis and finding the key intersection of the immune network may help in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. With the vast amount of cell data gained on myocarditis and the recent application of single-cell sequencing, we summarize the multiple functions of currently recognized key immune cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis to provide an immune background for subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children' s Health and Disease office, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
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Cohen CD, Rousseau ST, Bermea KC, Bhalodia A, Lovell JP, Dina Zita M, Čiháková D, Adamo L. Myocardial Immune Cells: The Basis of Cardiac Immunology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1198-1207. [PMID: 37068299 PMCID: PMC10111214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian heart is characterized by the presence of striated myocytes, which allow continuous rhythmic contraction from early embryonic development until the last moments of life. However, the myocardium contains a significant contingent of leukocytes from every major class. This leukocyte pool includes both resident and nonresident immune cells. Over recent decades, it has become increasingly apparent that the heart is intimately sensitive to immune signaling and that myocardial leukocytes exhibit an array of critical functions, both in homeostasis and in the context of cardiac adaptation to injury. Here, we systematically review current knowledge of all major leukocyte classes in the heart, discussing their functions in health and disease. We also highlight the connection between the myocardium, immune cells, lymphoid organs, and both local and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Cohen
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Sylvie T. Rousseau
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Bermea
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Aashik Bhalodia
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jana P. Lovell
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Marcelle Dina Zita
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Luigi Adamo
- Cardiac Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Jimenez J, Kostelecky N, Mitchell JD, Zhang KW, Lin CY, Lenihan DJ, Lavine KJ. Clinicopathological classification of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: possible refinement by measuring macrophage abundance. CARDIO-ONCOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 9:14. [PMID: 36915213 PMCID: PMC10009938 DOI: 10.1186/s40959-023-00166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) myocarditis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. While endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is considered a gold standard for diagnosis, the sensitivity of EMB is not well defined. Additionally, the pathological features that correlate with the clinical diagnosis of ICI-associated myocarditis remain incompletely understood. METHODS We retrospectively identified and reviewed the clinicopathological features of 26 patients with suspected ICI-associated myocarditis based on institutional major and minor criteria. Seventeen of these patients underwent EMB, and the histopathological features were assessed by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68, a macrophage marker. RESULTS Only 2/17 EMBs obtained from patients with suspected ICI myocarditis satisfied the Dallas criteria. Supplemental IHC staining and quantification of CD68+ macrophages identified an additional 7 patients with pathological features of myocardial inflammation (> 50 CD68+ cells/HPF). Macrophage abundance positively correlated with serum Troponin I (P = 0.010) and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, P = 0.047) concentration. Inclusion of CD68 IHC could have potentially changed the certainty of the diagnosis of ICI-associated myocarditis to definite in 6/17 cases. CONCLUSIONS While the Dallas criteria can identify a subset of ICI-associated myocarditis patients, quantification of macrophage abundance may expand the diagnostic role of EMB. Failure to meet the traditional Dallas Criteria should not exclude the diagnosis of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Jimenez
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Campus, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Campus, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Nicolas Kostelecky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua D Mitchell
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Campus, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen W Zhang
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Campus, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Campus, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Campus, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Li L, Ma Q, Wang M, Mou J, Han Y, Wang J, Ye J, Sun G. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing of macrophages in common cardiovascular diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:139-148. [PMID: 36822177 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are strategically located throughout the body at key sites in the immune system. A key feature in atherosclerosis is the uptake and accumulation of lipoproteins by arterial macrophages, leading to the formation of foam cells. After myocardial infarction, macrophages derived from monocytes infiltrate the infarcted heart. Macrophages are also closely related to adverse remodeling after heart failure. An in-depth understanding of the functions and characteristics of macrophages is required to study heart health and pathophysiological processes; however, the heterogeneity and plasticity explained by the classic M1/M2 macrophage paradigm are too limited. Single-cell sequencing is a high-throughput sequencing technique that enables the sequencing of the genome or transcriptome of a single cell. It effectively complements the heterogeneity of gene expression in a single cell that is ignored by conventional sequencing and can give valuable insights into the development of complex diseases. In the present review, we summarize the available research on the application of single-cell transcriptome sequencing to study the changes in macrophages during common cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This article also discusses the contribution of this knowledge to understanding the pathogenesis, development, diagnosis, and treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Malianwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxiao Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Malianwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Mou
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Xuehai Street, Songbei District, Harbin, China
| | - Yanwei Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Malianwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Malianwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Malianwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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