Laparoscopic-Assisted Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy

Percutaneous Radiologic Gastrostomy Tube Placement Techniques

Gastrostomy tubes are a common procedure for interventional radiologists. Several techniques are available to obtain gastric access radiologically, including the antegrade, retrograde, and balloon-assisted techniques. The choice of technique can depend on the patient's clinical presentation and the available services at each institution. Indications, preprocedural workup, technique, and postprocedural care help guide the choice of approach. Three common methods will be reviewed in this article: antegrade, retrograde, and balloon assisted. The antegrade technique is comparable to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement with a decreased incidence of tube dislodgement compared to the retrograde technique, but it requires reliable oral and esophageal access. The retrograde technique reduces the risk of postprocedural infection, has shorter procedure times, and reduces radiation exposure. The balloon-assisted technique reduces procedure time even more than the antegrade or retrograde technique, with comparable outcomes. Understanding the most common techniques available and how they compare is essential to providing patient-centered care.

Advances and challenges of gastrostomy insertion in children

When oral feeding cannot provide adequate nutritional support to children, enteral tube feeding becomes a necessity. The overall aim is to ultimately promote appropriate growth, improve the patient's quality of life and increase carer satisfaction. Nasogastric tube feeding is considered appropriate on a short-term basis. Alternatively, gastrostomy feeding offers a more convenient and safer feeding option especially as it does not require frequent replacements, and carries a lower risk of complications. Gastrostomy tube feeding should be considered when nasogastric tube feeding is required for more than 2-3 wk as per the ESPEN guidelines on artificial enteral nutrition. Several techniques can be used to insert gastrostomies in children including endoscopic, image guided and surgical gastrostomy insertion whether open or laparoscopic. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. The timing of gastrostomy insertion, device choice and method of insertion is dependent on the local expertise, patient requirements and family preference, and should be individualized with a multidisciplinary team approach. We aim to review gastrostomy insertion in children including indications, contraindications, history of gastrostomy, insertion techniques and complications.

Is endoscopy beneficial in pediatric laparoscopic gastrostomy insertion; A 9-year comparative study

OBJECTIVES

Advancements in pediatric percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement (PEG), laparoscopic-assisted gastrostomy (LAG) technique, and laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (LAPEG) procedure have opened up new options for gastrostomy tube placement. LAPEG utilizes endoscopy and laparoscopy for gastrostomy insertion. This review compares the outcomes and complications of LAG and LAPEG techniques in children.

METHODS

All LAG and LAPEG gastrostomy tube placements in children from September 2010 to September 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographic, along with procedural and 1-year complication data, were collected.

RESULTS

In total, 92/181 of gastrostomies were LAG and 89/181 were LAPEG. The mean age, weight and patient characteristics were comparable. Conversion rate was 1% in both groups (p = 0.74), there was no peritoneal leak in either group, a minor serosal injury to the stomach was seen in 1 patient in LAG with no bowel injury in LAPEG cohort (p = 0.51), need for re-operation was 1 and 2% in LAG and LAPEG, respectively (p = 0.49), early tube dislodgement was in 8 (9%) patients in LAG and 7 (6%) in LAPEG (p = 0.53) and wound infection was 13/92 in LAG and 11/89 in LAPEG (p = 0.8). The median operative time for LAPEG was less than LAG (p < 0.001) by 11 min but the median length of hospital stay was not significantly different (p < 0.096).

CONCLUSION

Both LAG and LAPEG techniques in children are safe with comparable complication rates and length of hospital stay, the addition of endoscopy to LAG allowed for shorter operative time in the LAPEG technique.

Gastrostomy tubes: Fundamentals, periprocedural considerations, and best practices

Gastrostomy tube placement is a procedure that achieves enteral access for nutrition, decompression, and medication administration. Preprocedural evaluation and selection of patients is necessary to provide optimal benefit and reduce the risk of adverse events (AEs). Appropriate indications, contraindications, ethical considerations, and comorbidities of patients referred for gastrostomy placement should be weighed and balanced. Additionally, endoscopist should consider either a transoral or transabdominal approach is appropriate, and radiologic or surgical gastrostomy tube placement is needed. However, medical history, physical examination, and imaging prior to the procedure should be considered to tailor the appropriate approach and reduce the risk of AEs.

Laparoscopic Insertion of a Percutaneous Gastrostomy Prevented Malnutrition in a Patient with Previous Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Bariatric surgery is a highly effective treatment option for morbid obesity. Short- and long-term effects of bariatric surgery are not limited to weight loss but include resolution of type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, improvement of cardiovascular health, and overall mortality. The long life expectancy of patients undergoing bariatric procedures means many of these patients will succumb to other diseases. Altered GI anatomy after bariatric procedures could prove an obstacle in treatment. We present our management of one such occurrence. The patient, who had 5 years previously undergone a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, presented after a massive subarachnoid hemorrhage which resulted in spastic tetraplegia. He was unable to consume food and was at risk of malnutrition. A decision was made to laparoscopically create a percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) into the excluded stomach, allowing for the use of standard feeding formula and avoiding the need for parenteral nutrition and prolonged hospitalization due to metabolic complications. The growing number of patients following bariatric procedures directs the need for novelty treatment options suited to the altered anatomy and physiology of the patient post-bariatric surgery. Prompt evaluation of long-term complications after cardiovascular events in patients operated with bariatric surgical technics reduced nutritional complications, rated hospital stay, and improved quality of life. In those patients who, due to the localization of the brain defect, are expected to be unable to feed independently due to the consequences of the latter and have either long-term or lifelong feeding through feeding tubes, it is necessary to establish an enteral feeding pathway through which the patient can receive a standard nutritional formula. This prevents the patient from developing metabolic complications and related complications. At the same time, we enable inpatient accommodation without the risk of dietary complications associated with bariatric surgery.

Chronic Gastric Dilation-Surgical Management

Background: Chronic dilation of the gastric remnant is a rare complication, although it can be serious. It is due to an exaggerated distension of the gastric remnant after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Clinical suspicion and computed tomography (CT) are essential for its diagnosis. Its treatment is by means of a decompressive gastrostomy, which can be percutaneous or surgical, an option that can be carried out in certain patients. We present a clinical case of chronic dilation of the gastric remnant and its laparoscopic surgical resolution. Methods: We present a clinical case of a 67-year-old patient who underwent a RYGB. An abdominal CT scan showed chronic dilation of the gastric remnant. A laparoscopic biopsy and a laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous gastrostomy were performed. Conslusion: The combined percutaneous laparoscopic approach is a good option for cases of chronic gastric dilations of unknown origin, allowing to discover and treat its causes.

Laparoscopic-Percutaneous Combined Gastrostomy: Initial Experience and Description of a Technique

Background: Gastrostomy is a widely used procedure that aims to obtain access to the stomach. Its purpose may be feeding or gastric decompression. Currently, the most common techniques are endoscopic and radiologic. Sometimes, these accesses are not available due to technical or patient-specific factors. In these cases, laparoscopic and percutaneous approaches combined could be an option. The aim of this study was to describe a laparoscopic-percutaneous combined gastrostomy procedure, feasibility, and complications. Materials and Methods: Retrospective descriptive observational study. All patients underwent laparoscopic-percutaneous combined gastrostomy required for feeding or decompressive gastrostomy. We analyzed variables: demographics, surgical indication, operation time, hospitalization stay, success, and morbidity/mortality associated to the procedure. Results: A total of n = 17 patients were recruited (58.8% women and 41.2% men), with mean age of 53. Regarding the indications of laparoscopic-percutaneous combined gastrostomy, 47% were due to upper gastrointestinal/head and neck tumor, 29.4% stomach location in a retrocostal position, 17.7% colonic interposition, and 5.9% acute gastric dilation of remnant after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The mean time of the procedure was 25 minutes, and mean hospitalization stay was 1.2 days. The success of the procedure was 100%. No complications and mortality associated with the procedure were reported. Conclusion: Laparoscopic-percutaneous combined gastrostomy is fast, feasible, safe, and cost effective. It is an option in patients where it is not possible to perform standard minimally invasive approaches.

An expanding role for interventional radiology: Medicare trends in fluoroscopic, endoscopic, and surgical enteric tube placement and maintenance from 2010 to 2018

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to provide an update on trends in physician volume and payments for enteric tube placement and maintenance procedures by method, provider specialty, and practice setting amongst Medicare beneficiaries from 2010 to 2018.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Claims from the Medicare Part B Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master File (PSPSMF) for the years 2010 to 2018 were extracted using current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for gastrostomy and jejunostomy placement, as well as conversion of gastrostomy to gastrojejunostomy, fluoroscopy guided and non-image guided replacement. Total volumes and provider reimbursement were analyzed by provider specialty and practice setting.

RESULTS

Volume of de novo placement of all enteric tubes decreased from 157,123 to 106,549 (-32.2%). While endoscopic placement decreased from 133,658 to 81,171 (-39.3%), the volume of fluoroscopic placement increased from 17,999 to 21,277 (18.2%). Fluoroscopic placement was largely performed by interventional radiology (IR) (91.7% in 2018). Surgical placement decreased from 5466 to 4101 (-25.0%). Volume of fluoroscopic replacement increased from 24,799 to 38,470 (55.1%), while non-image guided replacements decreased from 61,377 to 55,116 (-10.2%). Share of both fluoroscopic and non-image guided replacements by advanced practice providers (APPs) more than doubled over this time period.

CONCLUSION

De novo placement of enteric tubes decreased from 2010 to 2018, likely related to increased awareness of the complications and limited benefits in scenarios such as end of life care. In contrast to the diminishing volume for gastroenterologists, there was increased participation by IR in both placement and maintenance procedures under fluoroscopic guidance.

SUMMARY STATEMENT

Decreasing placement of enteric tubes suggests shifting attitudes and recommendations around end-of-life care. Increase in role by IR/APPs highlights the need for comprehensive care in these patients.

Gastrostomy in Patients with Previous Abdominal Surgery: A Comparative Study Between the Laparoscopy-Assisted Introducer Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Versus Open Gastrostomy in Advanced Esophageal Cancer

Straightened nutritional status plays a vital role in the treatment outcome of advanced esophageal cancer. Both introducer percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and open gastrostomy are safe options with avoidance risk of cancer cell seeding. The introducer PEG is an effective minimally invasive procedure with few complications, but the procedural method faces limitations for patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery. This study set out to compare the results of laparoscopy-assisted introducer PEG (LAIPEG) with open gastrostomy in advanced esophageal cancer patients with previous abdominal surgery. The advanced esophageal cancer patients who had previous abdominal surgery and indicated an enteral feeding tube between January 2014 and September 2019, were respectively analyzed. The open gastrostomy group was 35 patients, and the LAIPEG group was 18 patients. Operative duration, blood loss, postoperative pain score, and hospitalization time were significantly less in the LAIPEG group. Related procedural complications occurred only in the open gastrostomy group. Both groups are discharged from the hospital without readmission or 30-day mortality. Both procedures are safe options for advanced esophageal cancer patients with previous abdominal surgery for enteral feeding nutrition while minimizing the risk of cancer seeding. The LAIPEG demonstrated an effective minimally invasive procedure, which is safe with fewer complications. Previous surgery of the left supramesocolic area may be legitimate concerns before choosing introducer PEG for esophageal cancer with a history of prior surgery.

Pseudovolvulus of the sigmoid colon after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement: A case report

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Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (EPG) is a safe procedure, but complications may occur.

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Major complications of PEG may present with volvulus-like conditions.

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The need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy should be carefully evaluated.

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Laparoscopic gastrostomy and laparoscopic-assisted PEG have been proposed.

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Risk of complications should be timely recognized to enable proper treatment.

Introduction

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) provides long-term enteral nutritional access for patients with inability to eat. Although considered safe, PEG tube placement is associated with complications. We report a rare case of PEG-related sigmoid colon pseudovolvulus.

Presentation of case

A 78-year-old man with a history of Parkinson’s disease developed severe abdominal pain and vomited continuously 50 days after PEG tube placement. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed internal herniation of the sigmoid colon between the abdominal wall and the stomach at the gastrostomy site. Intraoperatively, the gastrostomy tube penetrated the sigmoid mesentery, which rotated around the tube, and the sigmoid colon was herniated towards the upper abdomen. The herniated colon was reduced and Hartmann’s procedure was performed. Subsequently, gastrostomy was reinforced with anterior gastropexy. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Discussion

This case highlights the need for caution when placing a PEG tube because of a mobile sigmoid mesocolon, raising the awareness of potential major complications. Complications can be avoided by directly visualising the intraabdominal organs using laparoscopic gastrostomy or laparoscopic-assisted PEG. However, these methods require general anaesthesia. Thus, the presence of redundant colons should be determined in advance to assess the risk of sigmoid mesocolon perforation. We should also assess the patients’ swallowing function and estimate whether it may recover with rehabilitation before deciding to place a PEG tube.

Conclusion

PEG tube should be considered after careful patient evaluation. If PEG is required, clinicians should recognise the patient-specific risks and consider other surgical procedures to avoid complications.

A Case of Laparoscopic-Assisted Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (LAPEG) for Gastric Volvulus

Background

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the standard modality for long-term enteral nutrition for patients with dysphagia. Compared with open gastrostomy, though PEG is an extremely safe procedure with fewer complications, there are severe cases due to anatomical features. For these cases, laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (LAPEG) is the optimal method.

Case Presentation

A 52-year-old man had a disturbance in swallowing because of cerebral infarction. We attempted PEG under gastrointestinal fiberscope (GIF) and colon fiberscope inspection; however, the procedure was unsuccessful because it was impossible to move the transverse colon downward. We therefore attempted LAPEG to observe the stomach and other organs. Under laparoscopic observation, we diagnosed gastric volvulus, classified as the organo-axial type. For this reason, inserting the tube through the skin was very difficult. We easily corrected the gastric volvulus by using laparoscopic forceps and were finally able to place the PEG tube safely.

Discussion

Gastric volvulus is rare in clinical practice. The treatment of gastric volvulus depends on whether mucosal ischemia is present. Endoscopic reduction of gastric volvulus is effective for many patients. Surgical treatment should be considered for patients with gastric volvulus that frequently recurs. In our patient, completely inserting the GIF was impossible; therefore, we could not correctly diagnose gastric volvulus. Laparoscopy-assisted PEG is a useful and safe technique for placing a gastrostomy tube in patients presenting with anatomical difficulties. Moreover, in our patient, gastropexy was performed with PEG. Therefore, LAPEG may be used to prevent the recurrence of gastric volvulus. Gastropexy is a useful option in LAPEG.

Conclusions

Laparoscopy has the advantage of allowing a direct inspection of the stomach while gastrostomy is performed and may reveal complications to PEG insertion. Furthermore, in our patient, gastropexy was performed with PEG.