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Alshaalan KS, Albawardi TK, Zhra M, Bin Sulaiman N, Jnied OY, Saleem RA, Aljada A. Differential Expression of LMNA/C and Insulin Receptor Transcript Variants in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leukemia Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2568. [PMID: 38731097 PMCID: PMC11084221 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent research has identified alternative transcript variants of LMNA/C (LMNA, LMNC, LMNAΔ10, and LMNAΔ50) and insulin receptors (INSRs) as potential biomarkers for various types of cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the expression of LMNA/C and INSR transcript variants in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of leukemia patients to investigate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Methods: Quantitative TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized to quantify the mRNA levels of LMNA/C (LMNA, LMNC, LMNAΔ10, and LMNAΔ50) as well as INSR (IR-A and IR-B) variants in PBMCs obtained from healthy individuals (n = 32) and patients diagnosed with primary leukemias (acute myeloid leukemia (AML): n = 17; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): n = 8; chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): n = 5; and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): n = 15). Results: Only LMNA and LMNC transcripts were notably present in PBMCs. Both exhibited significantly decreased expression levels in leukemia patients compared to the healthy control group. Particularly, the LMNC:LMNA ratio was notably higher in AML patients. Interestingly, IR-B expression was not detectable in any of the PBMC samples, precluding the calculation of the IR-A:IR-B ratio as a diagnostic marker. Despite reduced expression across all types of leukemia, IR-A levels remained detectable, indicating its potential involvement in disease progression. Conclusions: This study highlights the distinct expression patterns of LMNA/C and INSR transcript variants in PBMCs of leukemia patients. The LMNC:LMNA ratio shows promise as a potential diagnostic indicator for AML, while further research is necessary to understand the role of IR-A in leukemia pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Saud Alshaalan
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Khalid Albawardi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Zhra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.)
| | - Norah Bin Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.)
| | - Osama Yaheia Jnied
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.)
| | - Rimah Abdullah Saleem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.)
| | - Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.)
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2
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Borogovac A, Siddiqi T. Transforming CLL management with immunotherapy: Investigating the potential of CAR T-cells and bispecific antibodies. Semin Hematol 2024:S0037-1963(24)00003-9. [PMID: 38290860 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and bispecific antibodies or T-cell engagers, have revolutionized the treatment landscape for various B-cell malignancies, including B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and many non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Despite their significant impact on these malignancies, their application in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) management is still largely under investigation. Although the initial success of CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy was observed in 3 multiply relapsed CLL patients, with 2 of them surviving over 10 years without relapse, recent CAR T-cell therapy trials in CLL have shown reduced response rates compared to their efficacy in other B-cell malignancies. One of the challenges with using immunotherapy in CLL is the compromised T-cell fitness from persistent CLL-related antigenic stimulation, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). These challenges underscore a critical gap in therapeutic options for CLL patients intolerant or resistant to current therapies, emphasizing the imperative role of effective immunotherapy. Encouragingly, innovative strategies are emerging to overcome these challenges. These include integrating synergistic agents like ibrutinib to enhance CAR T-cell function and persistence and engineering newer CAR T-cell constructs targeting diverse antigens or employing dual-targeting approaches. Bispecific antibodies are an exciting "off-the-shelf" prospect for these patients, with their investigation in CLL currently entering the realm of clinical trials. Additionally, the development of allogeneic CAR T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells from healthy donors presents a promising solution to address the diminished T-cell fitness observed in CLL patients. This comprehensive review delves into the latest insights regarding the role of immunotherapy in CLL, the complex landscape of resistance mechanisms, and a spectrum of innovative approaches to surmount therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Borogovac
- City of Hope, Lennar Foundation Cancer Center, Irvine, CA.
| | - Tanya Siddiqi
- City of Hope, Lennar Foundation Cancer Center, Irvine, CA
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3
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Shakil MS, Niloy MS, Mahmud KM, Kamal MA, Islam MA. Theranostic Potentials of Gold Nanomaterials in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3047. [PMID: 35804818 PMCID: PMC9264814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hematological malignancies (HMs) cover 50% of all malignancies, and people of all ages can be affected by these deadly diseases. In many cases, conventional diagnostic tools fail to diagnose HMs at an early stage, due to heterogeneity and the long-term indolent phase of HMs. Therefore, many patients start their treatment at the late stage of HMs and have poor survival. Gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have shown promise as a cancer theranostic agent. GNMs are 1 nm to 100 nm materials having magnetic resonance and surface-plasmon-resonance properties. GNMs conjugated with antibodies, nucleic acids, peptides, photosensitizers, chemotherapeutic drugs, synthetic-drug candidates, bioactive compounds, and other theranostic biomolecules may enhance the efficacy and efficiency of both traditional and advanced theranostic approaches to combat HMs. Abstract Hematological malignancies (HMs) are a heterogeneous group of blood neoplasia generally characterized by abnormal blood-cell production. Detection of HMs-specific molecular biomarkers (e.g., surface antigens, nucleic acid, and proteomic biomarkers) is crucial in determining clinical states and monitoring disease progression. Early diagnosis of HMs, followed by an effective treatment, can remarkably extend overall survival of patients. However, traditional and advanced HMs’ diagnostic strategies still lack selectivity and sensitivity. More importantly, commercially available chemotherapeutic drugs are losing their efficacy due to adverse effects, and many patients develop resistance against these drugs. To overcome these limitations, the development of novel potent and reliable theranostic agents is urgently needed to diagnose and combat HMs at an early stage. Recently, gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of HMs. Magnetic resonance and the surface-plasmon-resonance properties of GNMs have made them a suitable candidate in the diagnosis of HMs via magnetic-resonance imaging and colorimetric or electrochemical sensing of cancer-specific biomarkers. Furthermore, GNMs-based photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug delivery enhanced the selectivity and efficacy of anticancer drugs or drug candidates. Therefore, surface-tuned GNMs could be used as sensitive, reliable, and accurate early HMs, metastatic HMs, and MRD-detection tools, as well as selective, potent anticancer agents. However, GNMs may induce endothelial leakage to exacerbate cancer metastasis. Studies using clinical patient samples, patient-derived HMs models, or healthy-animal models could give a precise idea about their theranostic potential as well as biocompatibility. The present review will investigate the theranostic potential of vectorized GNMs in HMs and future challenges before clinical theranostic applications in HMs.
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Thai AA, Lim AM, Solomon BJ, Rischin D. Biology and Treatment Advances in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5645. [PMID: 34830796 PMCID: PMC8615870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common skin cancer diagnosed worldwide. CSCC is generally localized and managed with local therapies such as excision and/or radiotherapy. For patients with unresectable or metastatic disease, recent improvements in our understanding of the underlying biology have led to significant advancements in treatment approaches-including the use of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI)-which have resulted in substantial gains in response and survival compared to traditional cytotoxic approaches. However, there is a lack of understanding of the biology underpinning CSCC in immunocompromised patients, in whom the risk of developing CSCC is hundreds of times higher compared to immunocompetent patients. Furthermore, current ICI approaches are associated with significant risk of graft rejection in organ transplant recipients who make up a significant proportion of immunocompromised patients. Ongoing scientific and clinical research efforts are needed in order to maintain momentum to increase our understanding and refine our therapeutic approaches for patients with CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesha A. Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.M.L.); (B.J.S.); (D.R.)
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Annette M. Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.M.L.); (B.J.S.); (D.R.)
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.M.L.); (B.J.S.); (D.R.)
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Danny Rischin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.M.L.); (B.J.S.); (D.R.)
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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5
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Allegra A, Tonacci A, Musolino C, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Secondary Immunodeficiency in Hematological Malignancies: Focus on Multiple Myeloma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738915. [PMID: 34759921 PMCID: PMC8573331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary immunodeficiency is reported in most patients with hematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. The aim of our review was to evaluate the existing literature data on patients with hematological malignancies, with regard to the effect of immunodeficiency on the outcome, the clinical and therapeutic approach, and on the onset of noninfectious complications, including thrombosis, pleural effusion, and orofacial complications. Immunodeficiency in these patients has an intense impact on their risk of infection, in turn increasing morbidity and mortality even years after treatment completion. However, these patients with increased risk of severe infectious diseases could be treated with adequate vaccination coverage, but the vaccines' administration can be associated with a decreased immune response and an augmented risk of adverse reactions. Probably, immunogenicity of the inactivated is analogous to that of healthy subjects at the moment of vaccination, but it undertakes a gradual weakening over time. However, the dispensation of live attenuated viral vaccines is controversial because of the risk of the activation of vaccine viruses. A particular immunization schedule should be employed according to the clinical and immunological condition of each of these patients to guarantee a constant immune response without any risks to the patients' health.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/epidemiology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/therapy
- Incidence
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/epidemiology
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/therapy
- Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology
- Opportunistic Infections/immunology
- Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control
- Risk Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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6
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Monrad I, Sahlertz SR, Nielsen SSF, Pedersen LØ, Petersen MS, Kobel CM, Tarpgaard IH, Storgaard M, Mortensen KL, Schleimann MH, Tolstrup M, Vibholm LK. Persistent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Immunocompromised Host Displaying Treatment Induced Viral Evolution. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab295. [PMID: 34258320 PMCID: PMC8244814 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a coronavirus disease 2019 case with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) persisting beyond 333 days in an immunocompromised patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, asymptomatically carrying infectious SARS-CoV-2 at day 197 postdiagnosis. In addition, viral sequencing indicates major changes in the spike protein over time, temporally associated with convalescent plasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Monrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Stine Sofie Frank Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Carl Mathias Kobel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Merete Storgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line K Vibholm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Ferrer G, Jung B, Chiu PY, Aslam R, Palacios F, Mazzarello AN, Vergani S, Bagnara D, Chen SS, Yancopoulos S, Xochelli A, Yan XJ, Burger JA, Barrientos JC, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Stamatopoulos K, Rai KR, Sherry B, Chiorazzi N. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell subtypes differentially influence T-cell function, T-helper subset differentiation, and clinical course in CLL. Leukemia 2021. [PMID: 33935280 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer pathogenesis involves the interplay of tumor- and microenvironment-derived stimuli. Here we focused on the influence of an immunomodulatory cell type, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and their lineage-related subtypes on autologous T lymphocytes. Although MDSCs as a group correlated with an immunosuppressive Th repertoire and worse clinical course, MDSC subtypes (polymorphonuclear, PMN-MDSC, and monocytic, M-MDSCs) were often functionally discordant. In vivo, PMN-MDSCs existed in higher numbers, correlated with different Th-subsets, and more strongly associated with poor clinical course than M-MDSCs. In vitro, PMN-MDSCs were more efficient at blocking T-cell growth and promoted Th17 differentiation. Conversely, in vitro M-MDSCs varied in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation, due to the action of TNFα, and promoted a more immunostimulatory Th compartment. Ibrutinib therapy impacted MDSCs differentially as well, since after initiating therapy, PMN-MDSC numbers progressively declined, whereas M-MDSC numbers were unaffected, leading to a set of less immunosuppressive Th cells. Consistent with this, clinical improvement based on decreasing CLL-cell numbers correlated with the decrease in PMN-MDSCs. Collectively, the data support a balance between PMN-MDSC and M-MDSC numbers and function influencing CLL disease course.
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8
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Grywalska E, Zaborek M, Łyczba J, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Becht R, Sosnowska-Pasiarska B, Smok-Kalwat J, Pasiarski M, Góźdź S, Roliński J, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia-Induced Humoral Immunosuppression: A Systematic Review. Cells 2020; 9:E2398. [PMID: 33147729 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary immunodeficiency is observed in all patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in varying degrees. The aim of the study was to review the available literature data on patients with CLL, with particular regard to the pathogenesis of the disease and the impact of humoral immunity deficiency on the clinical and therapeutic approach. A systematic literature review was carried out by two independent authors who searched PubMed databases for studies published up to January 2020. Additionally, Google Scholar was used to evaluate search results and support manual research. The search resulted in 240 articles eligible for analysis. After all criteria and filters were applied, 22 studies were finally applied to the analysis. The data analysis showed that the clinical heterogeneity of CLL patients correlates with the diversity of molecular abnormalities determining the clinical picture of the disease, the analysis of which enables setting therapeutic targets. Additionally, in improving the therapeutic method, it is worth introducing supportive therapies with the use of vaccines, antibiotics and/or immunoglobins. Moreover, humoral immunodeficiency in CLL has a strong influence on the risk of infection in patients for whom infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.
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9
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Hillmen P, Brown JR, Eichhorst BF, Lamanna N, O'Brien SM, Qiu L, Salmi T, Hilger J, Wu K, Cohen A, Huang J, Tam CS. ALPINE: zanubrutinib versus ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Future Oncol 2020; 16:517-523. [PMID: 32207333 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment standards for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been transformed with the advent of effective inhibitors of B-cell receptor signaling such as ibrutinib - a first-in-class inhibitor of BTK. Off-target kinase inhibitions by ibrutinib are thought to contribute to its adverse events. Zanubrutinib is a next-generation BTK inhibitor with minimal off-target effects, sustained BTK occupancy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph nodes from patients with B-cell malignancies and promising responses in patients with CLL. Described here is a head-to-head Phase III study comparing the efficacy and safety of zanubrutinib with those of ibrutinib in patients with CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma in the relapsed/refractory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hillmen
- Department of Haematology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Level 3 Bexley Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Barbara F Eichhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne 50923, Germany
| | - Nicole Lamanna
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susan M O'Brien
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Lugui Qiu
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | | | | | - Kenneth Wu
- BeiGene USA, Inc., San Mateo, CA 94403, USA
| | | | - Jane Huang
- BeiGene USA, Inc., San Mateo, CA 94403, USA
| | - Constantine S Tam
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Hadadi L, Hafezi M, Amirzargar AA, Sharifian RA, Abediankenari S, Asgarian-Omran H. Dysregulated Expression of Tim-3 and NKp30 Receptors on NK Cells of Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Oncol Res Treat 2019; 42:202-208. [PMID: 30870839 DOI: 10.1159/000497208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the expression pattern of NKp30 and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3), as candidates for activating and inhibitory receptors of NK cells, were evaluated in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). PATIENTS AND METHODS 24 CLL patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled. Fresh peripheral blood was collected from all subjects and stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies. The frequency of CD56+/CD3-/NKp30+ and CD56+/CD3-/Tim-3+ cells was determined by multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results revealed that Tim-3 is significantly upregulated on natural killer (NK) cells of CLL patients in comparison to healthy controls. NK cells of CLL patients showed lower expression of NKp30-activating receptor compared to controls. Tim-3 expression pattern on NK cells of CLL patients was correlated with poor prognostic factors including low hemoglobin level, high absolute lymphocyte count, and high serum C-reactive protein level. CONCLUSION Dysregulated expression of Tim-3 and NKp30 receptors confirms the exhaustion state of NK cells in CLL. Our data introduce Tim-3 as a promising biomarker and potential target for immunotherapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hadadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Morteza Hafezi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan Ali Sharifian
- Clinic of Hematology and Oncology, Vali-Asr Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abediankenari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, .,Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,
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11
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Uchibori R, Teruya T, Ido H, Ohmine K, Sehara Y, Urabe M, Mizukami H, Mineno J, Ozawa K. Functional Analysis of an Inducible Promoter Driven by Activation Signals from a Chimeric Antigen Receptor. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2018; 12:16-25. [PMID: 30662937 PMCID: PMC6325072 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a promising cell-based anticancer therapy. Although clinical studies of this approach show therapeutic efficacy, additional genetic modification is necessary to enhance the efficacy and safety of CAR-T cells. For example, production of an antitumor cytokine from CAR-T cells can potentially enhance their tumor-killing activity, but there are concerns that constitutive expression of anticancer molecules will cause systemic side effects. Therefore, it is important that exogenous gene expression is confined to the tumor locality. Here, we aimed to develop an inducible promoter driven by activation signals from a CAR. Transgene expression in T cells transduced with the CD19-targeted CAR and an inducible promoter, including inducible reporter genes (CAR-T/iReporter), was only induced strongly by co-culture with CD19-positive target cells. CAR-T/iReporter cells also showed redirected cytolysis toward CD19-positive, but not CD19-negative, tumor cells. Overall, our study indicated that the inducible promoter was selectively driven by activation signals from the CAR, and transduction with the inducible promoter did not affect original effector activities including interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production and the antitumor activity of CAR-redirected cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, this inducible promoter permits visualization and quantification of the activation status in CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Uchibori
- Division of Immuno-Gene and Cell Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Takeshi Teruya
- Division of Immuno-Gene and Cell Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,CDM Center, Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ido
- Division of Immuno-Gene and Cell Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,CDM Center, Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmine
- Division of Immuno-Gene and Cell Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Sehara
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masashi Urabe
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | | | - Keiya Ozawa
- Division of Immuno-Gene and Cell Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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12
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Xiang X, Wang YP, Cao H, Zhang X. Knowledge database assisted gene marker selection for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:3358-3364. [PMID: 29996709 PMCID: PMC6134680 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518783072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether previously curated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) risk genes could be leveraged in gene marker selection for the diagnosis and prediction of CLL. Methods A CLL genetic database (CLL_042017) was developed through a comprehensive CLL-gene relation data analysis, in which 753 CLL target genes were curated. Expression values for these genes were used for case-control classification of four CLL datasets, with a sparse representation-based variable selection (SRVS) approach employed for feature (gene) selection. Results were compared with outcomes obtained by using analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based gene selection approaches. Results For each of the four datasets, SRVS selected a subset of genes from the 753 CLL target genes, resulting in significantly higher classification accuracy, compared with randomly selected genes (100%, 100%, 93.94%, 89.39%). The SRVS method outperformed ANOVA in terms of classification accuracy. Conclusion Gene markers selected from the 753 CLL genes could enable significantly greater accuracy in the prediction of CLL. SRVS provides an effective method for gene marker selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Xiang
- 1 Center of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, No 83 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40037, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hongbao Cao
- 3 Department of Genomics Research, R&D Solutions, Elsevier Inc., Rockville, MD, USA.,4 Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- 1 Center of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, No 83 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40037, China
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Mohr A, Renaudineau Y, Bagacean C, Pers JO, Jamin C, Bordron A. Regulatory B lymphocyte functions should be considered in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1132977. [PMID: 27467951 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an abnormal expansion of mature B cells in the bone marrow and their accumulation in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. Tumor CLL cells share expression of various surface molecules with many subsets of B cells and have several common characteristics with regulatory B cells (B regs). However, the identification of B regs and their role in CLL remain elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize recent works regarding the regulatory and phenotypic characteristic of B regs and their associated effects on the immune system. It is also meant to highlight their potential importance with regards to the immunotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest , Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest , Brest, France
| | - Christophe Jamin
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Anne Bordron
- INSERM ESPRI ERI29/EA2216 Laboratory of Immunotherapies and Pathologies of B Lymphocytes, Université de Brest, Labex IGO "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology," Reseau Epigenetique et Reseau Canaux Ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest , Brest, France
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Yousefi M, Movassaghpour AA, Shamsasenjan K, Ghalamfarsa G, Sadreddini S, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Hojjat-Farsangi M. The skewed balance between Tregs and Th17 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1567-82. [PMID: 25963433 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While Tregs maintain self-tolerance and inhibit antitumor responses, T helper (Th)17 cells may enhance inflammatory and antitumor responses. The balance between these two important T-cell subsets has been skewed in many immunopathologic conditions such as autoimmune and cancer diseases. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia in the western world and is characterized with monoclonal expansion of B lymphocytes. There is evidence which implies that the progression of CLL is associated with expansion of Treg and downregulation of Th17 cells. In this review, we will discuss about immunobiology of Treg and Th17 cells and their role in immunopathogenesis of CLL as well as their reciprocal changes during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Golay J, D'Amico A, Borleri G, Bonzi M, Valgardsdottir R, Alzani R, Cribioli S, Albanese C, Pesenti E, Finazzi MC, Quaresmini G, Nagorsen D, Introna M, Rambaldi A. A novel method using blinatumomab for efficient, clinical-grade expansion of polyclonal T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunol 2014; 193:4739-47. [PMID: 25267972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients often results in life-threatening immunosuppression. Furthermore, CLL is still an incurable disease due to the persistence of residual leukemic cells. These patients may therefore benefit from immunotherapy approaches aimed at immunoreconstitution and/or the elimination of residual disease following chemotherapy. For these purposes, we designed a simple GMP-compliant protocol for ex vivo expansion of normal T cells from CLL patients' peripheral blood for adoptive therapy, using bispecific Ab blinatumomab (CD3 × CD19), acting both as T cell stimulator and CLL depletion agent, and human rIL-2. Starting from only 10 ml CLL peripheral blood, a mean 515 × 10(6) CD3(+) T cells were expanded in 3 wk. The resulting blinatumomab-expanded T cells (BET) were polyclonal CD4(+) and CD8(+) and mostly effector and central memory cells. The Th1 subset was slightly prevalent over Th2, whereas Th17 and T regulatory cells were <1%. CMV-specific clones were detected in equivalent proportion before and after expansion. Interestingly, BET cells had normalized expression of the synapse inhibitors CD272 and CD279 compared with starting T cells and were cytotoxic against CD19(+) targets in presence of blinatumomab in vitro. In support of their functional capacity, we observed that BET, in combination with blinatumomab, had significant therapeutic activity in a systemic human diffuse large B lymphoma model in NOD-SCID mice. We propose BET as a therapeutic tool for immunoreconstitution of heavily immunosuppressed CLL patients and, in combination with bispecific Ab, as antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Anna D'Amico
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Borleri
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michela Bonzi
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rut Valgardsdottir
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Chiara Finazzi
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaresmini
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Dirk Nagorsen
- Global Clinical Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Martino Introna
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in humans with basal cell carcinoma representing the majority of cases in the general population. The prevalence of skin cancer is increased amongst immunosuppressed patients such as those with lymphoproliferative disorders including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia or those with iatrogenic immunosuppression following organ transplantation. In addition, these patients experience greater morbidity and mortality associated with skin cancers. The most common skin cancer in immunosuppressed patients is squamous cell carcinoma, which often presents with more aggressive features and has a greater rate of metastasis. This article reviews the risk factors, etiology, clinical presentation, and prevalence of skin cancer amongst immunosuppressed patients, including organ transplant, lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus. We also provide a comprehensive review of treatment guidelines for immunosuppressed patients with cutaneous malignancy. Surgical therapy is the cornerstone of treatment; however, we also discuss pharmacologic treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and revision of immunosuppressive regimens.
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17
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Hock BD, Macpherson SA, Fernyhough LJ, McKenzie JL. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells become both activated and immunosuppressive following interaction with CD3 and CD28 stimulated PBMC. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1217-23. [PMID: 24976339 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is associated with immunosuppression. The activation of CLL cells induced by interaction with other cell types, particularly activated T-cells, within the tumour micro-environment is thought to be important for CLL progression. However it is unclear whether activated CLL cells (CLL(Act)) have immunosuppressive capacity. We report that co-culture of CLL cells with normal PBMC in the context of CD3/CD28 T-cell activation generates CLL(Act) with increased CD38 expression that are capable of suppressing the proliferative responses of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The suppression required cell contact but did not involve induction of T-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - S A Macpherson
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L J Fernyhough
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J L McKenzie
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Abstract
The dynamic expression of various phenotypic markers during B cell development not only defines the particular stage in ontogeny but also provides the necessary growth, differentiation, maturation and survival signals. When a B cell at any given stage becomes cancerous, these cell surface molecules, intracellular signaling molecules, and the over-expressed gene products become favorite targets for potential therapeutic intervention. Various adaptive and adoptive immunotherapeutic approaches induce T cell and antibody responses against cancer cells, and successful remission leading to minimal residual disease has been obtained. Nonetheless, subsequent relapse and development of resistant clones prompted further development and several novel strategies are evolving. Engineered monoclonal antibodies with high affinity and specificity to target antigens have been developed and used either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. They are also used as vehicles to deliver cytotoxic drugs, toxins, or radionuclides that are either directly conjugated or encapsulated in liposomal vesicles. Likewise, genetically engineered T cells bearing chimeric antigen receptors are used to redirect cytotoxicity to antigen-positive target cells. This review describes recent advancements in some of these adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies targeting B cell malignancies.
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19
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Reiners KS, Topolar D, Henke A, Simhadri VR, Kessler J, Sauer M, Bessler M, Hansen HP, Tawadros S, Herling M. Soluble ligands for NK cell receptors promote evasion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from NK cell anti-tumor activity. Blood. 2013;121:3658-3665. [PMID: 23509156 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-01-476606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a major component of the anti-tumor immune response. NK cell dysfunctions have been reported in various hematologic malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here we investigated the role of tumor cell-released soluble and exosomal ligands for NK cell receptors that modulate NK cell activity. Soluble CLL plasma factors suppressed NK cell cytotoxicity and down-regulated the surface receptors CD16 and CD56 on NK cells of healthy donors. The inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity was attributed to the soluble ligand BAG6/BAT3 that engages the activating receptor NKp30 expressed on NK cells. Soluble BAG6 was detectable in the plasma of CLL patients, with the highest levels at the advanced disease stages. In contrast, NK cells were activated when BAG6 was presented on the surface of exosomes. The latter form was induced in non-CLL cells by cellular stress via an nSmase2-dependent pathway. Such cells were eliminated by lymphocytes in a xenograft tumor model in vivo. Here, exosomal BAG6 was essential for tumor cell killing because BAG6-deficient cells evaded immune detection. Taken together, the findings show that the dysregulated balance of exosomal vs soluble BAG6 expression may cause immune evasion of CLL cells.
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20
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Spina F, Rezzonico F, Farina L, Corradini P. Long-term molecular remission with lenalidomide treatment of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2013; 90:340-4. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spina
- Division of Hematology-Bone Marrow Transplatation; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan; Italy
| | | | - Lucia Farina
- Division of Hematology-Bone Marrow Transplatation; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan; Italy
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Audrito V, Vaisitti T, Serra S, Bologna C, Brusa D, Malavasi F, Deaglio S. Targeting the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia offers novel therapeutic options. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:27-35. [PMID: 22910767 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells display features consistent with a defect in apoptosis and exhibit prolonged survival in vivo. Survival of these malignant cells is influenced by interactions with non-leukemic cells located in permissive niches in lymphoid organs. Leukemic cells subvert the normal architecture of the lymphoid organs, recruiting stromal cells, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes, all reported as playing active roles in the survival and proliferation of CLL. The same survival-promoting environment also rescues/protects leukemic cells from cytotoxic therapies, giving way to disease relapse. This review summarizes and discusses current knowledge about the intricate network of soluble and cell-bound signals regulating the life and death of CLL cells in different districts. At the same time, it seeks to hone in on which discrete molecular elements are best suited as targets for treating this still incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy; Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
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