SUNCT and SUNA: Recognition and Treatment

Chronic orofacial pain and pharmacological management: a clinical guide

Orofacial pain is a widespread health concern that significantly hinders an individual's capacity to engage in daily activities. This type of pain can be classified into three main categories: nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, and nociplastic pain. Each category involves different mechanisms and requires specific treatment approaches. For optimal treatment of orofacial pain disorders, a multidisciplinary pain management approach is essential. This approach should integrate both nonpharmacological and pharmacological modalities to address the diverse underlying causes and manifestations of pain. In this review, we focus on the current evidence and advancements in the pharmacological management of chronic orofacial pain. We explored the effectiveness of different medications, their mechanisms of action, and their role within a comprehensive pain management plan.

SUNCT/SUNA in Pediatric Age: A Review of Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options

The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD3) defines Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks (SUNHA) as attacks of moderate or severe, strictly unilateral head pain lasting from seconds to minutes, occurring at least once a day and usually associated with prominent lacrimation and redness of the ipsilateral eye. Two subtypes of SUNHA are identified: Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT) and Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial Autonomic symptoms (SUNA). These pathologies are infrequent in children and difficult to diagnose. The authors reviewed the existing literature on SUNCT and SUNA, especially in the developmental age, which describes the pathophysiology in detail and focuses on the therapeutic options available to date. SUNHA-type headaches must be considered on the one hand, for the possibility of the onset of forms secondary to underlying pathologies even of a neoplastic nature, and on the other hand, for the negative impact they can have on an individual’s quality of life, particularly in young patients. Until now, published cases suggest that no chronic variants occur in childhood and adolescents. In light of this evidence, the authors offer a review that may serve as a source to be drawn upon in the implementation of suitable treatments in children and adolescents suffering from these headaches, focusing on therapies that are non-invasive and as risk-free as possible for pediatric patients.

Medical treatment of SUNCT and SUNA: a prospective open-label study including single-arm meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

The management of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA) remains challenging in view of the paucity of data and evidence-based treatment recommendations are missing.

METHODS

In this single-centre, non-randomised, prospective open-label study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of oral and parenteral treatments for SUNCT and SUNA in a real-world setting. Additionally, single-arm meta-analyses of the available reports of SUNCT and SUNA treatments were conducted.

RESULTS

The study cohort comprised 161 patients. Most patients responded to lamotrigine (56%), followed by oxcarbazepine (46%), duloxetine (30%), carbamazepine (26%), topiramate (25%), pregabalin and gabapentin (10%). Mexiletine and lacosamide were effective in a meaningful proportion of patients but poorly tolerated. Intravenous lidocaine given for 7-10 days led to improvement in 90% of patients, whereas only 27% of patients responded to a greater occipital nerve block. No statistically significant differences in responders were observed between SUNCT and SUNA. In the meta-analysis of the pooled data, topiramate was found to be significantly more effective in SUNCT than SUNA patients. However, a higher proportion of SUNA than SUNCT was considered refractory to medications at the time of the topiramate trial, possibly explaining this isolated difference.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose a treatment algorithm for SUNCT and SUNA for clinical practice. The response to sodium channel blockers indicates a therapeutic overlap with trigeminal neuralgia, suggesting that sodium channels dysfunction may be a key pathophysiological hallmark in these disorders. Furthermore, the therapeutic similarities between SUNCT and SUNA further support the hypothesis that these conditions are variants of the same disorder.

SUNCT/SUNA: Case series presenting in an orofacial pain clinic

AIM

Little is known about short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA). We present our experience with SUNCT/SUNA patients to aid identification and management of these disorders.

METHODS

A retrospective review of patient records of one orofacial pain clinic was performed. Inclusion criteria was a diagnosis of SUNCT/SUNA confirmed with at least one follow-up visit.

RESULTS

Six of the 2464 new patients seen between 2015-2018 met the selection criteria (SUNCT n = 2, SUNA n = 4). Gender distribution was one male to one female and average age of diagnosis was 52 years (range 26-62). Attacks were located in the V1/V2 trigeminal distributions, and five patients reported associated intraoral pain. Pain quality was sharp, shooting, and burning with two patients reporting "numbness". Pain was moderate-severe in intensity, with daily episodes that typically lasted for seconds. Common autonomic features were lacrimation, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, and flushing. Frequent triggers were touching the nose or a specific intraoral area. Lamotrigine and gabapentin were commonly used as initial therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Differentiating between SUNCT/SUNA does not appear to be clinically relevant. Presenting symptoms were consistent with those published, except 5/6 patients describing intraoral pain and two patients describing paresthesia.

Pulsed radiofrequency on the occipital nerve for treatment of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache: A case report

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache (Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT)/Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Autonomic Symptoms) is a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia with difficult treatment and its management is based on neuromodulator drugs and sometimes ablative procedures on the trigeminal nerve. A positive response to occipital anesthetic blocks and peripheral and deep neurostimulation has also been described. We present the case of a patient with criteria of left SUNCT and transient response to occipital anesthetic blocks, satisfactorily controlled with pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) of the occipital nerve. Upon examination, the patient had tenderness in the left greater occipital nerve (GON). Blockade was performed with anesthetic and corticosteroid, obtaining a highly positive but transient response. After several nerve blocks, the patient was referred to the Pain Unit where pulsed radiofrequency on the left GON was performed. After two sessions, more than 90% of reduction of pain was achieved, maintained for 12 months. There haven’t been found data in the literature on the use of GON PRF for the treatment of SUNCT, while there are descriptions for other types of cranial pain. The intention of our case is to make this procedure to be considered as an alternative for the treatment of this entity in patients who respond to anesthetic blocks.

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Short Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing (SUNCT) Syndrome: Targeting the Trigeminal Nerve and the Sphenopalatine Ganglion. Case Report and Literature Review

BACKGROUND

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) is a primary headache syndrome with an unclear pathogenesis, and only in very few cases, SUNCT is secondary to known lesions (secondary SUNCT). Several pharmacological as well as interventional and invasive treatments have been used to treat SUNT cases, with no definitive results. We describe a patient with idiopathic SUNCT syndrome, successfully treated with gamma knife radiosurgery and we report a review of the cases of the literature treated with radiosurgery.

CASE REPORT

A 63-year-old woman complained of episodes of intense and regular paroxysmal facial pain in the territory of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve accompanied by inflammation of conjunctiva and involuntary lacrimation from 2006. During the following years, she received several treatments: combination of drugs, acupuncture, and endonasal infiltration of the sphenopalatine ganglion. The frequency of the painful attacks increased progressively and it was impossible for her to have a normal active life. Combined gamma knife radiosurgery treatment, targeting the trigeminal nerve (80 Gy maximum dose) and the sphenopalatine ganglion (80 Gy maximum dose) was performed in April 2016 (visual analog score before treatment = 6). Pain gradually reduced in the following months, as well as frequency and severity of the attacks. No sensory deficit developed. The follow-up length of our patient is 37 months: she is nearly pain free (visual analog score = 2) and has resumed a normal life.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with idiopathic SUNCT have few therapeutic options. Our case demonstrates that gamma knife radiosurgery is a feasible and effective noninvasive option to treat patients with medically refractory idiopathic SUNCT.

Nonmigraine Headache and Facial Pain

The vast majority of headache patients encountered in the outpatient general medicine setting will be diagnosed with a primary headache disorder, mostly migraine or tension-type headache. Other less common primary headaches and secondary headaches, related to or caused by another condition, are the topic of this article. Nonmigraine primary headaches include trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, primarily cluster headache; facial pain, primarily trigeminal neuralgia; and miscellaneous headache syndromes, such as hemicrania continua and new daily persistent headache. Selected secondary headaches related to vascular disease, cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, and inflammatory conditions are also reviewed.

How and when to refer patients diagnosed with primary headache and craniofacial neuralgia in the Emergency department or Primary Care: Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Headache Study Group

INTRODUCTION

When a patient is diagnosed with primary headache or craniofacial neuralgia in the emergency department or in primary care, and is referred to a neurologist due to the complexity of the case, it is useful to know whether additional examination should be sought and the priority (urgent, preferential or normal) with which the patient should be seen. This will avoid unnecessary delays in patients with disabling headache and where organic causes are suspected. In order to issue recommendations on this matter, the Spanish Society of Neurology's Headache Study Group has decided to create a series of agreed recommendations constituting a referral protocol for patients with headache and/or craniofacial neuralgia.

DEVELOPMENT

Young neurologists with an interest and experience in headache were invited to draft a series of practical guidelines in collaboration with Spanish Society of Neurology's Headache Study Group Executive Committee. For practical reasons, the document was divided into 2 articles: this first article focuses on primary headaches and craniofacial neuralgias and the second on secondary headaches. In order for the recommendations to be helpful for daily practice they follow a practical approach, with tables summarising referral criteria, examinations to be performed, and referral to other specialists.

CONCLUSIONS

We hope to offer a guide and tools to improve decision-making regarding patients with headache, identifying complementary tests to prioritise and referral pathways to be followed, in order to avoid duplicated consultations and delayed diagnosis and treatment.

A boy with bilateral SUNA: A case report

Background Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNA) is a primary headache characterized by frequent attacks of severe headaches in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features. SUNA is defined as a strictly unilateral pain and bilateral cases are very unusual, so secondary causes should be searched for vigorously if there are bilateral symptoms. Despite a number of therapeutic trials, effective management for the majority of SUNA patients is not available at present. Management of SUNA is often difficult. Case We report the case of a young boy with bilateral SUNA attacks, with no detected underlying cause, who is responsive to indomethacin. Conclusion Rarely, primary SUNA can present with bilateral symptoms. According to our experience in this case, indomethacin should always be offered to patients with suspected SUNA.

Trigeminal neuralgia (part I): Revisiting the clinical phenotype

Aims

We conducted a cross-sectional study to re-examine the clinical profile of patients with a clinical diagnosis of classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN).

Methods

Inclusion criteria consisted of the International Headache Society’s published classification of CTN. For the specific purposes of the study, features such as autonomic signs, persistent background pain, attack durations of >2 minutes and reports of pain-related awakening were included. The demographic and clinical phenotype of each patient were carefully recorded for analysis.

Results

The study cohort consisted of 81 patients and based on reported attack duration these were divided into short (≤ 2 minutes, n = 61) and long (> 2 minutes, n = 20) groups for further analysis. The group with short attack duration neatly fit most of the criteria for CTN while the long attack group presents a more challenging diagnosis. There were no significant differences in pain severity, quality and location between the short and long attack groups. The frequency of persistent background pain was significantly higher in the long (70%) compared to the short attack group (29.5%, p = 0.001). There were significantly more reports of pain-related awakenings in the long (55%) than in the short attack groups (29.5%, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in the frequency of autonomic signs between the short (21.3%) and long attack groups (40%, p = 0.1). In the short attack group, the presence of autonomic signs was significantly associated with longer disease duration, increased pain-related awakenings, and a reduced prognosis.

Conclusion

There are clear diagnostic criteria for CTN but often patients present with features, such as long pain attacks, that challenge such accepted criteria. In our cohort the clinical phenotype of trigeminal, neuralgiform pain with or without autonomic signs and background pain was observed across both short and long attack groups and the clinical implications of this are discussed.

Sunct syndrome. Report of a case and treatment update

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjuntival injection and tearing (SUNCT) is considered a rare trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, a group of primary headache disorders characterized by brief episodes of severe unilateral headache in the distribution territory of the trigeminal nerve, accompanied by prominent ipsilateral and cranial parasympathetic autonomic features. The present report describes a SUNCT syndrome in a 64-year-old male who had been diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia several years ago. The patient reported stabbing pain in the orbital zone and in the left upper maxillary region, of great intensity, brief duration, and a frequency of 20-100 attacks a day. Pain episodes were accompanied by conjunctival injection and tearing. Based on the anamnesis, clinical examination and a magnetic resonance imaging scan, episodic SUNCT syndrome was diagnosed and pharmacological treatment with topiramate was started. This reduced the intensity and number of attacks to 3-6 a day.

Key words:Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, SUNCT, Cluster headache, topiramate.