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Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Bhandari B, Wang M. Oral soluble shell prepared from OSA starch incorporated with tea polyphenols for the microencapsulation of Sichuan pepper oleoresin: Characterization, flavor stability, release mechanisms and its application in mooncake. Food Chem 2024; 451:139478. [PMID: 38692242 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The market share of Sichuan pepper oleoresin (SPO) in the flavor industry is increasing steadily; however, its high volatility, low water solubility, and poor stability continue to pose significant challenges to application. The microencapsulation prepared by emulsion embedding and spray drying is considered as an effective technique to solve the above problems. Sodium octenyl succinate starch (OSA starch) and tea polyphenols (TPs) were used to develop OSA-TPs complex as encapsulants for SPO to prepare orally soluble microcapsules. And the optimum doping of TPs was determined. SPO microcapsules have good properties with high encapsulation efficiency up to 88.13 ± 1.48% and high payload up to 41.58 ± 1.86% with low water content and high heat resistance. The binding mechanism of OSA starch with TPs and its regulation mechanism and effect on SPOs were further analyzed and clarified. The binding mechanism between OSA starch and TPs was clarified in further analyses. The OSA-TPs complexes enhanced the rehydration, release in food matrix and storage stability of SPO, and exhibited good sensory immediacy. Flavor-improved mooncakes were successfully developed, achieving the combination of mooncake flavor and SPO flavor. This study provided a valuable way to prepare flavoring microcapsules suitable for the catering industry, opened up the combined application of SPO and bakery ingredients, and was of great practical value and significance for improving the processing quality of flavor foods, driving the development of the SPO industry, and enhancing the national dietary experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province International Joint Laboratory on Fresh Food Smart Processing and Quality Monitoring, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bhesh Bhandari
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mingqi Wang
- Zhengzhou Xuemailong Food Flavor Co. R&D Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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2
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Napiórkowska A, Szpicer A, Wojtasik-Kalinowska I, Perez MDT, González HD, Kurek MA. Microencapsulation of Juniper and Black Pepper Essential Oil Using the Coacervation Method and Its Properties after Freeze-Drying. Foods 2023; 12:4345. [PMID: 38231792 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are mixtures of chemical compounds that are very susceptible to the effects of the external environment. Hence, more attention has been drawn to their preservation methods. The aim of the study was to test the possibility of using the classical model of complex coacervation for the microencapsulation of essential oils. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) and juniper (Juniperus communis) essential oils were dissolved in grape seed (GSO) and soybean (SBO) oil to minimize their loss during the process, and formed the core material. Various mixing ratios of polymers (gelatin (G), gum Arabic (GA)) were tested: 1:1; 1:2, and 2:1. The oil content was 10%, and the essential oil content was 1%. The prepared coacervates were lyophilized and then screened to obtain a powder. The following analyses were determined: encapsulation efficiency (EE), Carr index (CI), Hausner ratio (HR), solubility, hygroscopicity, moisture content, and particle size. The highest encapsulation efficiency achieved was within the range of 64.09-59.89%. The mixing ratio G/GA = 2:1 allowed us to obtain powders that were characterized by the lowest solubility (6.55-11.20%). The smallest particle sizes, which did not exceed 6 μm, characterized the powders obtained by mixing G/GA = 1:1. All powder samples were characterized by high cohesiveness and thus poor or very poor flow (CI = 30.58-50.27, HR = 1.45-2.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Napiórkowska
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szpicer
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojtasik-Kalinowska
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Marcin Andrzej Kurek
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Annemer S, Ez-Zoubi A, Ez Zoubi Y, Satrani B, Stambouli H, Assouguem A, Ullah R, Bouayoun T, Fettoukh N, Farah A. Optimization and antifungal efficacy against brown rot fungi of combined Salvia rosmarinus and Cedrus atlantica essential oils encapsulated in Gum Arabic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19548. [PMID: 37945688 PMCID: PMC10636173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability, sensitivity, and volatility of essential oils are some of their most serious limitations, and nanoencapsulation has been considered one of the most effective techniques for solving these problems. This research aimed to investigate the incorporation of Salvia rosmarinus Speen and Cedrus atlantica Manetti (MEO) essential oil mixture in Gum Arabic (GA) and to evaluate nanoencapsulation's ability to promote antifungal activity against two brown rot fungi responsible for wood decay Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria placenta. The optimization of encapsulation efficiency was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) with two parameters: solid-to-solid (MEO/GA ratio) and solid-to-liquid (MEO/ethanol). The recovered powder characterization was followed by various techniques using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The optimal nanoencapsulating conditions obtained from RSM were ratios of MEO/GA of 1:10 (w/w) and MEO/ethanol of 10% (v/v), which provided the greatest encapsulation efficiency (87%). The results of SEM, XRD, DLS, FTIR, and TGA showed that the encapsulation of MEO using GA modified particle form and molecular structure and increased thermal stability. An antifungal activity assay indicated that an effective concentration of MEO had an inhibitory effect on brown rot fungi. It had 50% of the maximal effect (EC50) value of 5.15 ± 0.88 µg/mL and 12.63 ± 0.65 µg/mL for G. trabeum and P. placenta, respectively. Therefore, this product has a great potential as a natural wood preservative for sustainable construction and green building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussan Annemer
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B P 2202, Fez, Morocco
| | - Amine Ez-Zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B P 2202, Fez, Morocco
| | - Yassine Ez Zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B P 2202, Fez, Morocco
- Biotechnology, Environmental Technology and Valorization of Bio-Resources Team, Department of Biology. Laboratory of Research and Development in Engineering Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Al-Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Badr Satrani
- Forestry Research Center - Rabat, Avenue Omar Ibn Al Khattab, BP 763, 10050, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hamid Stambouli
- Forensic Sciences Institute of Royal Gendarmerie, Rabat-Institut, BP 6597, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, 30000, Fez, Morocco
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 4545, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taoufik Bouayoun
- Forensic Sciences Institute of Royal Gendarmerie, Rabat-Institut, BP 6597, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nezha Fettoukh
- Forensic Sciences Institute of Royal Gendarmerie, Rabat-Institut, BP 6597, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B P 2202, Fez, Morocco.
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Fuentes Y, Giovagnoli-Vicuña C, Faúndez M, Giordano A. Microencapsulation of Chilean Papaya Waste Extract and Its Impact on Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1900. [PMID: 37891979 PMCID: PMC10604294 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The microencapsulation of bioactive extracts of Chilean papaya waste, including both seeds and skin, was investigated. Papaya waste extract microcapsules utilizing maltodextrin at 10% (MD10), 20% (MD20), and 30% (MD30) (w/v) as the wall material through the freeze-drying process were obtained, and subsequently their physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The TPC efficiency and yield values achieved were more than 60% for the microencapsulated seed and skin extracts, respectively. The best results for phenolic and antioxidant compounds were found in the microencapsulated seed extract with MD20, with a value of 44.20 ± 3.32 EAG/g DW for total phenols and an antioxidant capacity of 12.0 ± 0.32 mol ET/g DW for the DPPH and 236.3 ± 4.1 mol ET/g DW for the FRAP assay. In addition, the seed and skin samples reduced ROS generation in H2O2-treated Hek293 cells. In terms of antimicrobial activity, values ranging from 7 to 15 mm of inhibitory halos were found, with the maximum value corresponding to the inhibition of S. aureus, for both microencapsulated extracts. Therefore, the successful microencapsulation of the waste bioactive extracts (seed and skin) with the demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties highlight the bioactivity from Chilean papaya waste resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihajara Fuentes
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul 7820436, Chile;
| | - Claudia Giovagnoli-Vicuña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul 7820436, Chile;
| | - Mario Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul 7820436, Chile;
| | - Ady Giordano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul 7820436, Chile;
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Xu W, McClements DJ, Peng X, Xu Z, Meng M, Zou Y, Chen G, Jin Z, Chen L. Optimization of food-grade colloidal delivery systems for thermal processing applications: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37724782 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2258215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal delivery systems are widely used in the food industry to enhance the dispersibility, stability, efficacy, or bioavailability. However, when exposed to the high temperature, delivery systems are often prone to degradation, which limits its application in thermal processing. In this paper, the effects of thermal processing on the performance of traditional protein-based or starch-based delivery systems are firstly described, including the molecular structure changes of proteins, starches or lipids, and the degradation of embedded substances. These effects are unfavorable to the application of the delivery system in thermal processing. Then, strategies of improving the heat resistance of food grade colloid delivery system and their use in frying, baking and cooking food are mainly introduced. The heat resistance of the delivery system can be improved by a variety of strategies, including the development of new heat-resistant materials, the addition of heat-resistant coatings to the surface of delivery systems, the cross-linking of proteins or starches using cross-linking agents, the design of particle structures, the use of physical means such as ultrasound, or the optimization of the ingredient formula. These strategies will help to expand the application of heat-resistant delivery systems so that they can be used in real thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Xinwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Meng
- Licheng Detection & Certification Group Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yidong Zou
- Yixing Skystone Feed Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Zhengyu Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Licheng Detection & Certification Group Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
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6
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Quinoa protein isolate-gum Arabic coacervates cross-linked with sodium tripolyphosphate: Characterization, environmental stability, and Sichuan pepper essential oil microencapsulation. Food Chem 2023; 404:134536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Effect of Tannins on Cholesterol Content and Its Oxidation in Egg Pasta as Related to Different Pasta Shapes. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEgg pasta contains high amount of cholesterol, that upon oxidation, generates oxysterols (COPs), which play a key role in the onset of several human diseases. In this study, the effect of two tannins (esters of ellagic acid, A; esters of gallic acid, B) at three different concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%) was tested in egg pasta considering two different pasta shapes (squared, S; rectangular, F). When tannin B was added, the total phenolic content (TPC) in fresh pasta increased (p < 0.01) and after cooking its content was greater than those obtained with tannin A. The pasta shape affected the presence of cholesterol; its amount in uncooked F shape samples (27.67 ± 0.28 mg/g pasta) was higher than that found in S shape (21.18 ± 0.49 mg/g pasta). In addition, tannin B significantly (p < 0.01) increased the presence of cholesterol in the cooking water (up to 1.04 ± 0.05 μg/mL), in particular in S pasta shape. Tannin B was also greater than tannin A to reduce the content of COPs in fresh egg pasta, while the cooking process did not impact (p > 0.05) the oxidation of cholesterol. The results suggest that tannin B could be applied in the formulation of egg pasta as a strategy for reducing the content of cholesterol and its oxidation products.
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Tan C, Xu QD, Chen N, He Q, Zeng WC. Cross-Linking Modifications of Different Phenolic Compounds on Myofibrillar Protein of Common Carp. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Klettenhammer S, Ferrentino G, Imperiale S, Segato J, Morozova K, Scampicchio M. Oxidative stability by isothermal calorimetry of solid lipid microparticles produced by particles from gas saturated solutions technique. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Microencapsulation of Rose Essential Oil Using Perilla Protein Isolate-Sodium Alginate Complex Coacervates and Application of Microcapsules to Preserve Ground Beef. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Guo Q, Li S, Du G, Chen H, Yan X, Chang S, Yue T, Yuan Y. Formulation and characterization of microcapsules encapsulating carvacrol using complex coacervation crosslinked with tannic acid. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Liu B, Wang X, Lu L, Wen Q, Zhang X, Swing CJ, Xia S. Tannic acid modulated the wall compactness of cinnamaldehyde‐loaded microcapsules and enhanced inhibitory effect on
Aspergillus brasiliensis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xinshuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Quan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Caleb John Swing
- Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University 350 W. Pitkin St. Fort Collins CO 80523‐1171 USA
| | - Shuqin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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Li X, Zhang ZH, Qiao J, Qu W, Wang MS, Gao X, Zhang C, Brennan CS, Qi X. Improvement of betalains stability extracted from red dragon fruit peel by ultrasound-assisted microencapsulation with maltodextrin. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105897. [PMID: 34990969 PMCID: PMC8799603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural betalains can be potential food additives because of their antioxidant activities, but they have poor thermal stability. In this study, betalains were extracted from red dragon fruit peel, and then encapsulated with maltodextrin by ultrasound method to increase the physicochemical properties of betalains microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency of the betalains was above 79%, and the particle size and Zeta potential values were 275.46 nm and -29.01 mV, respectively. Compared to the control sample, onset temperature and DPPH free radical scavenging of betalains microcapsules under the modest ultrasound treatment (200 W, 5 min) was increased by 1.6 °C and 12.24%, respectively. This increase could be due to the ability of ultrasonification to create interactions between maltodextrin and betalains (as evidenced by FT-IR). Therefore, modest ultrasound treatment can be used for microcapsulation to improve the stability of betalains, and then expand the application of betalains in heat processed food field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiaqi Qiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenjuan Qu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Man-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 348 West XianJiahu Road, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xianli Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Cunsheng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | | | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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