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Nanoimmobilization of β-glucosidase onto hydroxyapatite. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1042-1051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dianawati D, Mishra V, Shah NP. Survival of Microencapsulated Probiotic Bacteria after Processing and during Storage: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1685-716. [PMID: 25853290 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.798779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of live probiotic bacteria as food supplement has become popular. Capability of probiotic bacteria to be kept at room temperature becomes necessary for customer's convenience and manufacturer's cost reduction. Hence, production of dried form of probiotic bacteria is important. Two common drying methods commonly used for microencapsulation are freeze drying and spray drying. In spite of their benefits, both methods have adverse effects on cell membrane integrity and protein structures resulting in decrease in bacterial viability. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria has been a promising technology to ensure bacterial stability during the drying process and to preserve their viability during storage without significantly losing their functional properties such acid tolerance, bile tolerance, surface hydrophobicity, and enzyme activities. Storage at room temperatures instead of freezing or low temperature storage is preferable for minimizing costs of handling, transportation, and storage. Concepts of water activity and glass transition become important in terms of determination of bacterial survival during the storage. The effectiveness of microencapsulation is also affected by microcapsule materials. Carbohydrate- and protein-based microencapsulants and their combination are discussed in terms of their protecting effect on probiotic bacteria during dehydration, during exposure to harsh gastrointestinal transit and small intestine transit and during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianawati Dianawati
- a School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University , Werribee Campus, Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Vijay Mishra
- a School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University , Werribee Campus, Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Nagendra P Shah
- a School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University , Werribee Campus, Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,b Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Science, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Yang XP, Wang FF, Yan J, Ma K, Mao DB. A new family-3 glycoside hydrolase from Penicillium oxalicum
BL 3005 catalyzing tyrosol glucosylation to form salidroside. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:525-531. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Duo-Bin Mao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety; Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
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Das A, Jana A, Paul T, Halder SK, Ghosh K, Maity C, Mohapatra PKD, Pati BR, Mondal KC. Thermodynamics and kinetic properties of halostable endoglucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus ABK9. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54 Suppl 1:S142-51. [PMID: 23832828 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An endoglucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus ABK9 was purified from the culture extract of solid-state fermentation and its some characteristics were evaluated. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme (56.3 kDa) was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, zymogram analysis and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The enzyme was active optimally at 50 °C, pH 5.0 and stable over a broad range of pH (4.0-7.0) and NaCl concentration of 0-3.0 M. The pKa1 and pKa2 of the ionizable groups of the active sites were 2.94 and 6.53, respectively. The apparent Km , Vmax , and Kcat values for carboxymethyl cellulose were 6.7 mg ml(-1), 775.4 µmol min(-1) , and 42.84 × 10(4) s(-1), respectively. Thermostability of the enzyme was evidenced by the high activation energy (91.45 kJ mol(-1)), large enthalpy for activation of denaturation (88.77 kJ mol(-1)), longer half-life (T1/2) (433 min at 50 °C), higher melting temperature (Tm ) (73.5 °C), and Q10 (1.3) values. All the characteristics favors its suitability as halotolerant and thermostable enzyme during bioprocessing of lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Das
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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Zhao Z, Ramachandran P, Kim TS, Chen Z, Jeya M, Lee JK. Characterization of an acid-tolerant β-1,4-glucosidase from Fusarium oxysporum and its potential as an animal feed additive. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10003-11. [PMID: 23604557 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular β-glucosidase (BGL) from Fusarium oxysporum was purified to homogeneity by a single chromatography step on a gel filtration column. The optimum activity of BGL on cellobiose was observed at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. Under the same conditions, the K(m) and V(max) values for p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside and cellobiose were 2.53 mM, 268 U mg protein(-1) and 20.3 mM, 193 U mg protein(-1), respectively. The F. oxysporum BGL enzyme was highly stable at acidic pH (t 1/2 = 470 min at pH 3). A commercial BGL Novo188 (Novozymes) and F. oxysporum BGL were compared in their ability to supplement Celluclast 1.5 L (Novozymes). In comparison with the commercial Novo188 (267 mg g substrate(-1)), F. oxysporum BGL supplementation released more reducing sugars (330 mg g substrate(-1)) from cellulose under simulated gastric conditions. These properties make F. oxysporum BGL a good candidate as a new commercial BGL to improve the nutrient bioavailability of animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongpei Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Andersen MR, Giese M, de Vries RP, Nielsen J. Mapping the polysaccharide degradation potential of Aspergillus niger. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:313. [PMID: 22799883 PMCID: PMC3542576 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The degradation of plant materials by enzymes is an industry of increasing importance. For sustainable production of second generation biofuels and other products of industrial biotechnology, efficient degradation of non-edible plant polysaccharides such as hemicellulose is required. For each type of hemicellulose, a complex mixture of enzymes is required for complete conversion to fermentable monosaccharides. In plant-biomass degrading fungi, these enzymes are regulated and released by complex regulatory structures. In this study, we present a methodology for evaluating the potential of a given fungus for polysaccharide degradation. Results Through the compilation of information from 203 articles, we have systematized knowledge on the structure and degradation of 16 major types of plant polysaccharides to form a graphical overview. As a case example, we have combined this with a list of 188 genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes from Aspergillus niger, thus forming an analysis framework, which can be queried. Combination of this information network with gene expression analysis on mono- and polysaccharide substrates has allowed elucidation of concerted gene expression from this organism. One such example is the identification of a full set of extracellular polysaccharide-acting genes for the degradation of oat spelt xylan. Conclusions The mapping of plant polysaccharide structures along with the corresponding enzymatic activities is a powerful framework for expression analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Applying this network-based approach, we provide the first genome-scale characterization of all genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes identified in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Tani S, Kanamasa S, Sumitani JI, Arai M, Kawaguchi T. XlnR-independent signaling pathway regulates both cellulase and xylanase genes in response to cellobiose in Aspergillus aculeatus. Curr Genet 2012; 58:93-104. [PMID: 22371227 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-012-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression levels of the cellulase and xylanase genes between the host strain and an xlnR disruptant were compared by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to identify the genes controlled by XlnR-independent signaling pathway. The cellulose induction of the FI-carboxymethyl cellulase (cmc1) and FIb-xylanase (xynIb) genes was controlled by XlnR; in contrast, the cellulose induction of the FIII-avicelase (cbhI), FII-carboxymethyl cellulase (cmc2), and FIa-xylanase (xynIa) genes was controlled by an XlnR-independent signaling pathway. To gain deeper insight into the XlnR-independent signaling pathway, the expression profile of cbhI was analyzed as a representative target gene. Cellobiose together with 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a glucosidase inhibitor, induced cbhI the most efficiently among disaccharides composed of β-glucosidic bonds. Furthermore, cellobiose with DNJ induced the transcription of cmc2 and xynIa, whereas cmc1 and xynIb were not induced. GUS reporter fusion analyses of truncated and mutated cbhI promoters revealed that three regions were necessary for effective cellulose-induced transcription, all of which contained the conserved sequence 5'-CCGN(2)CCN(7)G(C/A)-3' within the CeRE, which has been identified as the upstream activating element essential for expression of eglA in A. nidulans (Endo et al. 2008). The data therefore delineate a pathway in which A. aculeatus perceives the presence of cellobiose, thereby activating a signaling pathway that drives cellulase and hemicellulase gene expression under the control of the XlnR-independent regulation through CeRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Bohlin C, Olsen SN, Morant MD, Patkar S, Borch K, Westh P. A comparative study of activity and apparent inhibition of fungal β-glucosidases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 107:943-52. [PMID: 20677177 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases (BGs) from Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chaetomium globosum, Emericella nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora crassa, and Penicillium brasilianum were purified to homogeneity, and analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry with respect to their hydrolytic activity and its sensitivity to glucose (product) using cellobiose as substrate. Global non-linear regression of several reactions, with or without added glucose, to a product inhibition equation enabled the concurrent derivation of the kinetic parameters k(cat), K(m), and the apparent product inhibition constant (app)K(i) for each of the enzymes. A more simple fit is not advisable to use as the determined (app)K(i) are in the same range as their K(m) for some of the tested BGs and produced glucose would in these cases interfere. The highest value for k(cat) was determined for A. fumigatus (768 s(-1)) and the lowest was a factor 9 less. K(m) varied by a factor of 3 with the lowest value determined for C. globosum (0.95 mM). The measured (app)K(i) varied a factor of 15; the hydrolytic activity of N. crassa being the most resistant to glucose with an apparent product inhibition constant of 10.1 mM. Determination of (app)K(i) using cellobiose as substrate is important as it reflects to what extent the different BGs are hydrolytically active under industrial conditions where natural substrates are hydrolyzed and the final glucose concentrations are high.
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Characterization and kinetic analysis of a thermostable GH3 beta-glucosidase from Penicillium brasilianum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:143-54. [PMID: 19756584 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A GH3 beta-glucosidase (BGL) from Penicillium brasilianum was purified to homogeneity after cultivation on a cellulose and xylan rich medium. The BGL was identified in a genomic library, and it was successfully expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. The BGL had excellent stability at elevated temperatures with no loss in activity after 24 h of incubation at 60 degrees C at pH 4-6, and the BGL was shown to have significantly higher stability at these conditions in comparison to Novozym 188 and to other fungal GH3 BGLs reported in the literature. The BGL had significant lower affinity for cellobiose compared with the artificial substrate para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) and further, pronounced substrate inhibition using pNP-Glc. Kinetic studies demonstrated the high importance of using cellobiose as substrate and glucose as inhibitor to describe the inhibition kinetics of BGL taking place during cellulose hydrolysis. A novel assay was developed to characterize this glucose inhibition on cellobiose hydrolysis. The assay uses labelled glucose-13C6 as inhibitor and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis to quantify the hydrolysis rates.
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Korotkova OG, Semenova MV, Morozova VV, Zorov IN, Sokolova LM, Bubnova TM, Okunev ON, Sinitsyn AP. Isolation and properties of fungal β-glucosidases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:569-77. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sonia KG, Chadha BS, Badhan AK, Saini HS, Bhat MK. Identification of glucose tolerant acid active β-glucosidases from thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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