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Zhao S, Yin R, Zhang M, Zhai Z, Shen Z, Mou Y, Xu D, Zhou L, Lai D. Efficient gene editing in the slow-growing, non-sporulating, melanized, endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:176. [PMID: 38652405 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 that was isolated from Dioscorea zingiberensis, is a proficient producer of palmarumycins, which are intriguing polyketides of the spirobisnaphthalene class. These compounds displayed a wide range of bioactivities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. However, conventional genetic manipulation of Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 is difficult and inefficient, partially due to the slow-growing, non-sporulating, and highly pigmented behavior of this fungus. Herein, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9 system suitable for gene editing in Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12. The protoplast preparation was optimized, and the expression of Cas9 in Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 was validated. To assess the gene disruption efficiency, a putative 1, 3, 6, 8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase encoding gene, bdpks, involved in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis, was selected as the target for gene disruption. Various endogenous sgRNA promoters were tested, and different strategies to express sgRNA were compared, resulting in the construction of an optimal system using the U6 snRNA-1 promoter as the sgRNA promoter. Successful disruption of bdpks led to a complete abolishment of the production of spirobisnaphthalenes and melanin. This work establishes a useful gene targeting disruption system for exploration of gene functions in Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12, and also provides an example for developing an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system to the fungi that are difficult to manipulate using conventional genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siji Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruya Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziqi Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Mou
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhang X, Hou X, Xu D, Xue M, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang Y, Lai D, Zhou L. Effects of Carbon, Nitrogen, Ambient pH and Light on Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040390. [PMID: 37108845 PMCID: PMC10142091 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a class of hexaketide metabolites produced by Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens), an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors, including carbon and nitrogen sources, ambient pH and light exposure, on mycelial growth, sporulation, as well as the accumulation of sorbicillinoids, and the expression of related genes involved in sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. It was found that the environmental factors had great influences on mycelial growth and sporulation of U. virens. Fructose and glucose, complex nitrogen sources, acidic conditions and light exposure were favorable for sorbicillinoid production. The relative transcript levels of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis genes were up-regulated when U. virens was separately treated with those environmental factors that favored sorbicillinoid production, indicating that sorbicillinoid biosynthesis was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by different environmental factors. Two pathway-specific transcription factor genes, UvSorR1 and UvSorR2, were found to participate in the regulation of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. These results will provide useful information to better understand the regulation mechanisms of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis, and be conducive to develop effective means for controlling sorbicillinoid production in U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Hou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Woodcraft C, Chooi YH, Roux I. The expanding CRISPR toolbox for natural product discovery and engineering in filamentous fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:158-173. [PMID: 36205232 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to May 2022Fungal genetics has transformed natural product research by enabling the elucidation of cryptic metabolites and biosynthetic steps. The enhanced capability to add, subtract, modulate, and rewrite genes via CRISPR/Cas technologies has opened up avenues for the manipulation of biosynthetic gene clusters across diverse filamentous fungi. This review discusses the innovative and diverse strategies for fungal natural product discovery and engineering made possible by CRISPR/Cas-based tools. We also provide a guide into multiple angles of CRISPR/Cas experiment design, and discuss current gaps in genetic tool development for filamentous fungi and the promising opportunities for natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Woodcraft
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Indra Roux
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Huang Z, Liu G. Current advancement in the application of prime editing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1039315. [PMID: 36873365 PMCID: PMC9978821 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1039315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prime editing (PE) is a precise genome manipulation technology based on the "search and replace" approach of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, while it does not require the exogenous donor DNA and the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Comparing the base editing technology, the editing scope of prime editing has been widely expanded. Prime editing has been successfully applied in a variety of plant cells, animal cells and the model microorganism Escherichia coli so far, and it has shown a good application potential in breeding and genomic functional study of animals and plants, disease treatment, and modification of the microbial strains. In this paper, the basic strategies of prime editing are briefly described, and its research progress is summarized and prospected from the application of multiple species. In addition, a variety of optimization strategies for improving its efficiency and specificity of prime editing are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang X, Xu D, Hou X, Wei P, Fu J, Zhao Z, Jing M, Lai D, Yin W, Zhou L. UvSorA and UvSorB Involved in Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis Contribute to Fungal Development, Stress Response and Phytotoxicity in Ustilaginoidea virens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911056. [PMID: 36232357 PMCID: PMC9570055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens) is an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. It can produce mycotoxins including sorbicillinoids. The biosynthesis and biological functions of sorbicillinoids have not been reported in U. virens. In this study, we identified a sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in which two polyketide synthase genes UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens. In ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants, the mycelial growth, sporulation and hyphal hydrophobicity were increased dramatically, while the resistances to osmotic pressure, metal cations, and fungicides were reduced. Both phytotoxic activity of rice germinated seeds and cell wall integrity were also reduced. Furthermore, mycelia and cell walls of ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants showed alterations of microscopic and submicroscopic structures. In addition, feeding experiment showed that sorbicillinoids could restore mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity in ∆UvSorA and ∆UvSorB mutants. The results demonstrated that both UvSorA and UvSorB were responsible for sorbicillinoid biosynthesis in U. virens, and contributed to development (mycelial growth, sporulation, and cell wall integrity), stress responses, and phytotoxicity through sorbicillinoid mediation. It provides an insight into further investigation of biological functions and biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penglin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiajin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingpeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ligang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (L.Z.)
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Cephalosporin C biosynthesis and fermentation in Acremonium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6413-6426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Ghosh S, Lahiri D, Nag M, Sarkar T, Pati S, Edinur HA, Kumar M, Mohd Zain MRA, Ray RR. Precision targeting of food biofilm-forming genes by microbial scissors: CRISPR-Cas as an effective modulator. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:964848. [PMID: 36016778 PMCID: PMC9396135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.964848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abrupt emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacterial strains has been recognized as one of the biggest public health threats affecting the human race and food processing industries. One of the causes for the emergence of AMR is the ability of the microorganisms to form biofilm as a defense strategy that restricts the penetration of antimicrobial agents into bacterial cells. About 80% of human diseases are caused by biofilm-associated sessile microbes. Bacterial biofilm formation involves a cascade of genes that are regulated via the mechanism of quorum sensing (QS) and signaling pathways that control the production of the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS), responsible for the three-dimensional architecture of the biofilm. Another defense strategy utilized commonly by various bacteria includes clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) system that prevents the bacterial cell from viral invasion. Since multigenic signaling pathways and controlling systems are involved in each and every step of biofilm formation, the CRISPRi system can be adopted as an effective strategy to target the genomic system involved in biofilm formation. Overall, this technology enables site-specific integration of genes into the host enabling the development of paratransgenic control strategies to interfere with pathogenic bacterial strains. CRISPR-RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease, being a promising genome editing tool, can be effectively programmed to re-sensitize the bacteria by targeting AMR-encoding plasmid genes involved in biofilm formation and virulence to revert bacterial resistance to antibiotics. CRISPRi-facilitated silencing of genes encoding regulatory proteins associated with biofilm production is considered by researchers as a dependable approach for editing gene networks in various biofilm-forming bacteria either by inactivating biofilm-forming genes or by integrating genes corresponding to antibiotic resistance or fluorescent markers into the host genome for better analysis of its functions both in vitro and in vivo or by editing genes to stop the secretion of toxins as harmful metabolites in food industries, thereby upgrading the human health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejita Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | - Siddhartha Pati
- Skills Innovation and Academic Network (SIAN) Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore, India
- NatNov Bioscience Private Limited, Balasore, India
| | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muhammad R. A. Mohd Zain
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Muhammad R. A. Mohd Zain
| | - Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, India
- Rina Rani Ray
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Duan C, Wang S, Huo R, Li E, Wang M, Ren J, Pan Y, Liu L, Liu G. Sorbicillinoid Derivatives with the Radical Scavenging Activities from the Marine-Derived Fungus Acremonium chrysogenum C10. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050530. [PMID: 35628785 PMCID: PMC9144096 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a class of structurally diverse hexaketide metabolites with good biological activities. To explore new structural sorbicillinoids and their bioactivities, the marine-derived fungus Acremonium chrysogenum C10 was studied. Three new sorbicillinoid derivatives, acresorbicillinols A–C (1–3), along with five known ones, trichotetronine (4), trichodimerol (5), demethyltrichodimerol (6), trichopyrone (7) and oxosorbicillinol (8), were isolated. The structures of new sorbicillinoids were elucidated by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). The absolute configurations of compounds 1–3 were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 3 exhibited a strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, with the IC50 value ranging from 11.53 ± 1.53 to 60.29 ± 6.28 μM in 24 h. Additionally, compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans, with IC50 values of 86.93 ± 1.72 and 69.06 ± 10.50 μM, respectively. The boundary of sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in A. chrysogenum was confirmed by transcriptional analysis, and the biosynthetic pathway of compounds 1–8 was also proposed. In summary, our results indicated that A. chrysogenum is an important reservoir of sorbicillinoid derivatives, and compound 3 has the potential for new natural agents in DPPH radical scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiyun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Erwei Li
- China Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jinwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (L.L.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-10-64806113 (Y.P.); +86-10-64807043 (L.L.); +86-10-64806017 (G.L.)
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (L.L.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-10-64806113 (Y.P.); +86-10-64807043 (L.L.); +86-10-64806017 (G.L.)
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (C.D.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (J.R.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (L.L.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-10-64806113 (Y.P.); +86-10-64807043 (L.L.); +86-10-64806017 (G.L.)
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Liu L, Chen Z, Tian X, Chu J. Knockout and functional analysis of BSSS-related genes in Acremonium chrysogenum by novel episomal expression vector containing Cas9 and AMA1. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:755-766. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Recent Advances in Sorbicillinoids from Fungi and Their Bioactivities (Covering 2016–2021). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010062. [PMID: 35050002 PMCID: PMC8779745 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a family of hexaketide metabolites with a characteristic sorbyl side chain residue. Sixty-nine sorbicillinoids from fungi, newly identified from 2016 to 2021, are summarized in this review, including their structures and bioactivities. They are classified into monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and hybrid sorbicillinoids according to their basic structural features, with the main groups comprising both monomeric and dimeric sorbicillinoids. Some of the identified sorbicillinoids have special structures such as ustilobisorbicillinol A, and sorbicillasins A and B. The majority of sorbicillinoids have been reported from fungi genera such as Acremonium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Ustilaginoidea, with some sorbicillinoids exhibiting cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, phytotoxic, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In recent years, marine-derived, extremophilic, plant endophytic, and phytopathogenic fungi have emerged as important resources for diverse sorbicillinoids with unique skeletons. The recently revealed biological activities of sorbicillinoids discovered before 2016 are also described in this review.
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Xu Y, Liu L, Chen Z, Tian X, Chu J. The arthrospore-related gene Acaxl2 is involved in cephalosporin C production in industrial Acremonium chrysogenum by the regulatory factors AcFKH1 and CPCR1. J Biotechnol 2021; 347:26-39. [PMID: 34954288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cephalosporin C (CPC) production is often accompanied by a typical morphological differentiation of Acremonium chrysogenum, involving the fragmentation of its hyphae into arthrospores. The type I integral plasma membrane protein Axl2 is a central component of the bud site selection system (BSSS), which was identified as the regulatory factor involved in the hyphal septation process and arthrospore formation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and homologous recombination (HR), we inserted an egfp donor DNA sequence into the Acaxl2 locus, causing the generation of the deletion strain Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP from Acremonium chrysogenum FC3-5-23, the industrial producer of CPC. The mycelial morphology of the deletion strain Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP was mainly composed of arthrospores with a characteristic diameter of 2-8 μm, which increased from 75% at 48h to 90% at 72h post culture and were maintained until the end of the fermentation process. However, the deletion strain showed accelerated production of CPC, and the final titer was 5573μg/ml, which was nearly three times higher than that of the control strain FC3-5-23. The up-regulation of genes related to the biosynthesis gene cluster in Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP, especially the "late" genes, was one reason why its CPC production was higher than that of the original strain. Furthermore, compared with FC3-5-23, the more significant increase of genes involved in the BSSS (Acbud3 and Acbud4) in Ac-ΔAcaxl2::eGFP in the late stage of fermentation, may be responsible for this increase in arthrospore formation. Similarily, the transcription of the regulatory factors AcFKH1 and CPCR1 were also markedly increased at this time and may be the factors responsible for the regulation of CPC synthesis. These results indicated that Acaxl2 plays an important role in both arthrospore formation and CPC production, strongly implicating these regulatory factors as having pivotal links between mycelial morphology and secondary metabolite production in high-yielding A. chrysogenum. To the opposite, the axl2 gene knockout of wild strain CGMCC 3.3795 did not significantly influence the CPC production, which reflected the complexity of the secondary metabolic process and the differences in the function of axl2 gene in high- and low-yielding strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Zhgun AA, Eldarov MA. Polyamines Upregulate Cephalosporin C Production and Expression of β-Lactam Biosynthetic Genes in High-Yielding Acremonium chrysogenum Strain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216636. [PMID: 34771045 PMCID: PMC8588317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-yielding production of pharmaceutically significant secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi is obtained by random mutagenesis; such changes may be associated with shifts in the metabolism of polyamines. We have previously shown that, in the Acremonium chrysogenum cephalosporin C high-yielding strain (HY), the content of endogenous polyamines increased by four- to five-fold. Other studies have shown that the addition of exogenous polyamines can increase the production of target secondary metabolites in highly active fungal producers, in particular, increase the biosynthesis of β-lactams in the Penicillium chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 strain, an improved producer of penicillin G. In the current study, we demonstrate that the introduction of exogenous polyamines, such as spermidine or 1,3-diaminopropane, to A. chrysogenum wild-type (WT) and HY strains, leads to an increase in colony germination and morphological changes in a complete agar medium. The addition of 5 mM polyamines during fermentation increases the production of cephalosporin C in the A. chrysogenum HY strain by 15-20% and upregulates genes belonging to the beta-lactam biosynthetic cluster. The data obtained indicate the intersection of the metabolisms of polyamines and beta-lactams in A. chrysogenum and are important for the construction of improved producers of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi.
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Lin L, Xu J. Fungal Pigments and Their Roles Associated with Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E280. [PMID: 33198121 PMCID: PMC7711509 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce myriad secondary metabolites, including pigments. Some of these pigments play a positive role in human welfare while others are detrimental. This paper reviews the types and biosynthesis of fungal pigments, their relevance to human health, including their interactions with host immunity, and recent progresses in their structure-activity relationships. Fungal pigments are grouped into carotenoids, melanin, polyketides, and azaphilones, etc. These pigments are phylogenetically broadly distributed. While the biosynthetic pathways for some fungal pigments are known, the majority remain to be elucidated. Understanding the genes and metabolic pathways involved in fungal pigment synthesis is essential to genetically manipulate the production of both the types and quantities of specific pigments. A variety of fungal pigments have shown wide-spectrum biological activities, including promising pharmacophores/lead molecules to be developed into health-promoting drugs to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, Alzheimer's diseases, and so on. In addition, the mechanistic elucidation of the interaction of fungal pigments with the host immune system provides valuable clues for fighting fungal infections. The great potential of fungal pigments have opened the avenues for academia and industries ranging from fundamental biology to pharmaceutical development, shedding light on our endeavors for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Chen C, Liu J, Duan C, Pan Y, Liu G. Improvement of the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene disruption and large DNA fragment deletion based on a chimeric promoter in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 134:103279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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