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Girigoswami A, Deepika B, Pandurangan AK, Girigoswami K. Preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Solanum Tuberosum peel extract and its applications. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:59-68. [PMID: 38214666 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2301068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The present study describes a method for the preparation of green titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles from the peel of Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato, and the potato peel being a kitchen waste. The green synthesized TiO2 (G- TiO2) nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, TEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the G- TiO2 nanoparticles was also shown using the dye bromophenol blue. To explore the biocompatibility of the G- TiO2, the cell viability in normal as well as cancer cells was assessed. Further, the in vivo toxicity of the G- TiO2 nanoparticles was assessed using zebrafish embryos. The novelty of the present invention is to utilize kitchen waste for a useful purpose for the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles which is known to have UV light scavenging properties. Moreover, the potato peel is a natural antioxidant and possesses a skin-lightening effect. A combination of the potato peel extract and titanium dioxide prepared using the extract will have a combinatorial effect for protecting UV light exposure to the skin and lightening the skin colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Balasubramanian Deepika
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Bai Z, Cui Z, Liang W, Zhang J, Li K, Shi M, Liu Z, Wang J, Li J. Progressive enhanced photodynamic therapy and enhanced chemotherapy fighting against malignant tumors with sequential drug release. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045004. [PMID: 38697132 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad46bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
During the process of malignant tumor treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) exerts poor efficacy due to the hypoxic environment of the tumor cells, and long-time chemotherapy reduces the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs due to the presence of drug-resistant proteins on the cell membranes for drug outward transportation. Therefore, we reported a nano platform based on mesoporous silica coated with polydopamine (MSN@PDA) loading PDT enhancer MnO2, photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) and chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) (designated as DMPIM) to achieve a sequential release of different drugs to enhance treatment of malignant tumors. MSN was first synthesized by a template method, then DOX was loaded into the mesoporous channels of MSN, and locked by the PDA coating. Next, ICG was modified by π-π stacking on PDA, and finally, MnO2layer was accumulated on the surface of DOX@MSN@PDA- ICG@MnO2, achieving orthogonal loading and sequential release of different drugs. DMPIM first generated oxygen (O2) through the reaction between MnO2and H2O2after entering tumor cells, alleviating the hypoxic environment of tumors and enhancing the PDT effect of sequentially released ICG. Afterwards, ICG reacted with O2in tumor tissue to produce reactive oxygen species, promoting lysosomal escape of drugs and inactivation of p-glycoprotein (p-gp) on tumor cell membranes. DOX loaded in the MSN channels exhibited a delay of approximately 8 h after ICG release to exert the enhanced chemotherapy effect. The drug delivery system achieved effective sequential release and multimodal combination therapy, which achieved ideal therapeutic effects on malignant tumors. This work offers a route to a sequential drug release for advancing the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Yang
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Bai
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zutong Cui
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Liang
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shi
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
- Qinhuangdao Biopha Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
- Qinhuangdao Biopha Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Province 066000, People's Republic of China
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Bhuin A, Udayakumar S, Gopalarethinam J, Mukherjee D, Girigoswami K, Ponraj C, Sarkar S. Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and antimicrobial and anticancer activities of two-dimensional ZnO nanosheets. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10406. [PMID: 38710736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients have emerged as an environmentally undesirable element because of their widespread exploitation and consequent pollution, which has deleterious effects on living things. In the pursuit of sustainable environmental remediation, biomedical applications, and energy production, there has been a significant focus on two-dimensional materials (2D materials) owing to their unique electrical, optical, and structural properties. Herein, we have synthesized 2D zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnO NSs) using a facile and practicable hydrothermal method and characterized them thoroughly using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The 2D nanosheets are used as an efficient photocatalyst for antibiotic (herein, end-user ciprofloxacin (CIP) was used as a model antibiotic) degradation under sunlight. It is observed that ZnO NSs photodegrade ~ 90% of CIP within two hours of sunlight illumination. The molecular mechanism of CIP degradation is proposed based on ex-situ IR analysis. Moreover, the 2D ZNO NSs are used as an antimicrobial agent and exhibit antibacterial qualities against a range of bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and MIC of the bacteria are found to be 5 μg/l and 10 μg/l, respectively. Despite having the biocompatible nature of ZnO, as-synthesized nanosheets have also shown cytotoxicity against two types of cancer cells, i.e. A549 and A375. Thus, ZnO nanosheets showed a nontoxic nature, which can be exploited as promising alternatives in different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Bhuin
- Physics Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
| | - Saranya Udayakumar
- Medical Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Janani Gopalarethinam
- Medical Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Debdyuti Mukherjee
- Centre for Fuel Cell Technology (CFCT), International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), IIT-M Research Park, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Caroline Ponraj
- Physics Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India.
| | - Sujoy Sarkar
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India.
- Electric Vehicle Incubation, Testing and Research Centre (EVIT-RC), Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India.
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Janani G, Girigoswami A, Girigoswami K. Advantages of nanomedicine over the conventional treatment in Acute myeloid leukemia. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:415-441. [PMID: 38113194 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2294541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a cancer of blood cells that mainly affects the white blood cells. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) sudden growth of cancerous cells occurs in blood and bone marrow, and it disrupts normal blood cell production. Most patients are asymptomatic, but it spreads rapidly and can become fatal if left untreated. AML is the prevalent form of leukemia in children. Risk factors of AML include chemical exposure, radiation, genetics, etc. Conventional diagnostic methods of AML are complete blood count tests and bone marrow aspiration, while conventional treatment methods involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplant. There is a risk of cancer cells spreading progressively to the other organs if left untreated, and hence, early diagnosis is required. The conventional diagnostic methods are time- consuming and have drawbacks like harmful side effects and recurrence of the disease. To overcome these difficulties, nanoparticles are employed in treating and diagnosing AML. These nanoparticles can be surface- modified and can be used against cancer cells. Due to their enhanced permeability effect and high surface-to-volume ratio they will be able to reach the tumour site which cannot be reached by traditional drugs. This review article talks about how nanotechnology is more advantageous over the traditional methods in the treatment and diagnosis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalarethinam Janani
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Girigoswami K, Pallavi P, Girigoswami A. Intricate subcellular journey of nanoparticles to the enigmatic domains of endoplasmic reticulum. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2284684. [PMID: 37990530 PMCID: PMC10987057 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2284684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is evident that site-specific systemic drug delivery can reduce side effects, systemic toxicity, and minimal dosage requirements predominantly by delivering drugs to particular pathological sites, cells, and even subcellular structures. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated cell organelles play a vital role in several essential cellular functions and activities, such as the synthesis of lipids, steroids, membrane-associated proteins along with intracellular transport, signaling of Ca2+, and specific response to stress. Therefore, the dysfunction of ER is correlated with numerous diseases where cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, hepatic disorder, etc., are very common. To achieve satisfactory therapeutic results in certain diseases, it is essential to engineer delivery systems that can effectively enter the cells and target ER. Nanoparticles are highly biocompatible, contain a variety of cargos or payloads, and can be modified in a pliable manner to achieve therapeutic effectiveness at the subcellular level when delivered to specific organelles. Passive targeting drug delivery vehicles, or active targeting drug delivery systems, reduce the nonselective accumulation of drugs while reducing side effects by modifying them with small molecular compounds, antibodies, polypeptides, or isolated bio-membranes. The targeting of ER and closely associated organelles in cells using nanoparticles, however, is still unsymmetrically understood. Therefore, here we summarized the pathophysiological prospect of ER stress, involvement of ER and mitochondrial response, disease related to ER dysfunctions, essential therapeutics, and nanoenabled modulation of their delivery to optimize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Pragya Pallavi
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN, India
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Ps SS, Guha A, Deepika B, Udayakumar S, Nag M, Lahiri D, Girigoswami A, Girigoswami K. Nanocargos designed with synthetic and natural polymers for ovarian cancer management. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3407-3415. [PMID: 37421430 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer cells usually spread in the peritoneal region, and if chemotherapeutic drugs can be given in these regions with proximity, then the anticancer property of the chemotherapeutic drugs can enhance. However, chemotherapeutic drug administrations are hindered by local toxicity. In the drug delivery system, microparticles or nanoparticles are administered in a controlled manner. Microparticles stay in a close vicinity while nanoparticles are smaller and can move evenly in the peritoneum. Intravenous administration of the drug evenly distributes the medicine in the target places and if the composition of the drug has nanoparticles it will have more specificity and will have easy access to the cancer cells and tumors. Among the different types of nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles were proven as most efficient in drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles are seen to be combined with many other molecules like metals, non-metals, lipids, and proteins, which helps in the increase of cellular uptake. The efficiency of different types of polymeric nanoparticles used in delivering the load for management of ovarian cancer will be discussed in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sofini Ps
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Arina Guha
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, 700160, West Bengal, India
| | - Balasubramanian Deepika
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Saranya Udayakumar
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, 700160, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyajit Lahiri
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, 700160, West Bengal, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India.
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Girigoswami A, Girigoswami K. Potential Applications of Nanoparticles in Improving the Outcome of Lung Cancer Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1370. [PMID: 37510275 PMCID: PMC10379962 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is managed using conventional therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. Each of these therapies has its own limitations, such as the indiscriminate killing of normal as well as cancer cells, the solubility of the chemotherapeutic drugs, rapid clearance of the drugs from circulation before reaching the tumor site, the resistance of cancer cells to radiation, and over-sensitization of normal cells to radiation. Other treatment modalities include gene therapy, immunological checkpoint inhibitors, drug repurposing, and in situ cryo-immune engineering (ICIE) strategy. Nanotechnology has come to the rescue to overcome many shortfalls of conventional therapies. Some of the nano-formulated chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as nanoparticles and nanostructures with surface modifications, have been used for effective cancer cell killing and radio sensitization, respectively. Nano-enabled drug delivery systems act as cargo to deliver the sensitizer molecules specifically to the tumor cells, thereby enabling the radiation therapy to be more effective. In this review, we have discussed the different conventional chemotherapies and radiation therapies used for inhibiting lung cancer. We have also discussed the improvement in chemotherapy and radiation sensitization using nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
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Girigoswami A, Adhikesavan H, Mudenkattil S, Devi S, Girigoswami K. Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in Improving Cancer Management: A Mini Review. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2640-2654. [PMID: 37957864 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128270290231029161741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the significant issues with public health and the second leading cause of death worldwide. The three most lethal cancers in the general population are stomach, lung, and liver cancers, in which lung and breast cancers cause the majority of cancer-associated deaths among men and women, respectively. CeO2 nanoparticles have a cytoprotectant effect in normal cells and a cytotoxic effect in cancer cells that enables them to induce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within cancer cells, which in turn develops reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that interfere with intracellular activities, and this property makes them an excellent anticancer agent. Because of its biofilm suppression, free radical scavenging ability, redox activity, and other unique properties, attention has been bestowed on cerium oxide nanoparticles as a potential alternative to solve many biomedical issues in the future. This review mainly focuses on the combinatorial effect of cerium dioxide nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Harini Adhikesavan
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shurfa Mudenkattil
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sobita Devi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
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