1
|
Zhu X, Liu H, Mei C, Chen F, Guo M, Wei C, Wang D, Luo M, Hu X, Zhao Y, Hao F, Shi C, Li W. A composite hydrogel loaded with the processed pyritum promotes bone repair via stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 160:213848. [PMID: 38581745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering shows promise in repairing extensive bone defects. The promotion of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by biological scaffolds has a significant impact on bone regeneration outcomes. In this study we used an injectable hydrogel, known as aminated mesoporous silica gel composite hydrogel (MSNs-NH2@GelMA), loaded with a natural drug, processed pyritum (PP), to promote healing of bone defects. The mechanical properties of the composite hydrogel were significantly superior to those of the blank hydrogel. In vitro experiments revealed that the composite hydrogel stimulated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and significantly increased the expression of type I collagen (Col 1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx 2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN). In vivo experiments showed that the composite hydrogel promoted the generation of new bones. These findings provide evidence that the composite hydrogel pyritum-loaded holds promise as a biomaterial for bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an 223001, China
| | - Huanjin Liu
- Changzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chunmei Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fugui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenxu Wei
- Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Meimei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangyu Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Changcan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang JH, Choi SH. Clinical use and efficacy of Chinese patent medicines for external use containing pyritum, a mineral medicine mainly used for oral administration: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37881. [PMID: 38728461 PMCID: PMC11081566 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyritum, a mineral drug, has been used primarily orally in traditional medicine to treat traumatic injuries, broken tendons, and fractures. Due to growing concerns about the accumulation of heavy metals in the body, this systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine containing pyritum for external use (CPMPE) to determine the effectiveness of external use of pyritum. METHODS A literature search was performed through China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PubMed from inception to February 2023. "Pyrite," "pyritum," "zirantong," "traditional medicine," "oriental medicine," etc, were the keywords from the database. In this systematic review, RCTs and case reports were referred to analyze the efficacy rate and clinical status of CPMPE. RESULTS About 36 studies were reviewed. Of 36 studies, 23 were RCTs and 13 were case reports. The total effective rate in 34 studies was used to evaluate the efficacy of CPMPE for various disease classifications. The effectiveness of CPMPE was confirmed in case reports, and RCTs showed that using CPMPE as a single or combined treatment had a more significant effect than not using CPMPE in anorectal diseases, orthopedic diseases, obstetrics and gynecology diseases, and skin diseases. CONCLUSIONS This review concluded that CPMPE might be a safe and effective alternative treatment method for various diseases and has potential benefits in preventing postoperative complications, reducing pain, relieving symptoms, and accelerating healing compared to the control group, which employs unused CPMPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyeon Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi C, Yu Y, Wu H, Liu H, Guo M, Wang W, Wang D, Wei C, Zhai H, Yan G, Chen Z, Cai T, Li W. A graphene oxide-loaded processed pyritum composite hydrogel for accelerated bone regeneration via mediation of M2 macrophage polarization. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100753. [PMID: 37593216 PMCID: PMC10430169 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A coordinated interaction between osteogenesis and the osteoimmune microenvironment plays a vital role in regulating bone healing. However, disturbances in the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance hinder the therapeutic advantages of biomaterials. In this study, a novel composite hydrogel was successfully fabricated using graphene oxide (GO)-loaded processed pyritum (PP) in combination with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). Subsequently, the immunomodulatory effects and bone regenerative potential of PP/GO@PEGDA/CMC were investigated. The results demonstrated that the PP/GO@PEGDA/CMC hydrogel possessed excellent mechanical properties, swelling capacity, and stability. Moreover, PP/GO@PEGDA/CMC prominently promoted M2 polarization and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β). These beneficial effects facilitated the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Additionally, the in vivo results further verified that the implantation of PP/GO@PEGDA/CMC markedly reduced local inflammation while enhancing bone regeneration at 8 weeks post-implantation. Therefore, the results of this study provide potential therapeutic strategies for bone tissue repair and regeneration by modulating the immune microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changcan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinting Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongjuan Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Pulmonology, Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Huanjin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Chenxu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guojun Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu L, Xu S, Xiang TY, Chen LW, Zhong WX, Zhu L, Liu H, Wu L, Li WD, Wang YT, Cai BC, Yao JH, Chen R, Xin WF, Cao G, Chen ZP. A novel peptide hydrogel of metal ion clusters for accelerating bone defect regeneration. J Control Release 2023; 353:738-751. [PMID: 36526019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of adequate treatment, effective bone regeneration remains a great challenge. Exploring hydrogels with properties of excellent bioactivity, stability, non-immunogenicity, and commercialization is an important step to develop hydrogel-based bone regeneration materials. In this study, we engineered a self-assembled chelating peptide hydrogel loaded with an osteogenic metal ion cluster extracted from the processed pyritum decoction, including Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions, named processed pyritum hydrogel (PPH). We demonstrated that as a reservoir of beneficial metal ion clusters in bone regeneration, PPH has been shown to regulate a variety of genes in the process of bone regeneration. These genes are mainly involved in extracellular matrix synthesis, cell adhesion and migration, cytokine expression, antimicrobial and inflammation. Therefore, PPH accelerated the progress of various bone healing stages, and shortened the bone healing cycle by 4 weeks. Our investigation outcomes showed that the engineered metal ion cluster hydrogel is a novel, simple, and commercializable bone-regenerating hydrogel with potential clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shan Xu
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tang Yong Xiang
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Wei Chen
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Xi Zhong
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heng Liu
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Wu
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Dong Li
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Tong Wang
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bao Chang Cai
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Hong Yao
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Feng Xin
- College of Notoginseng Medicine and Pharmacy of Wenshan University; Wenshan 663099, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Zhi Peng Chen
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang D, Hou J, Xia C, Wei C, Zhu Y, Qian W, Qi S, Wu Y, Shi Y, Qin K, Wu L, Yin F, Chen Z, Li W. Multi-element processed pyritum mixed to β-tricalcium phosphate to obtain a 3D-printed porous scaffold: An option for treatment of bone defects. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112326. [PMID: 34474877 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects remain a challenging problem for doctors and patients in clinical practice. Processed pyritum is a traditional Chinese medicine that is often used to clinically treat bone fractures. It contains mainly Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and other elements. In this study, we added the extract of processed pyritum to β-tricalcium phosphate and produced a porous composite TPP (TCP/processed pyritum) scaffold using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that TPP scaffolds contained interconnected pore structures. When compared with TCP scaffolds (1.35 ± 0.15 MPa), TPP scaffolds (5.50 ± 0.24 MPa) have stronger mechanical strength and can effectively induce osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in vitro. Meanwhile, the in vivo study showed that the TPP scaffold had better osteogenic capacity than the TCP scaffold. Furthermore, the TPP scaffold had good biosafety after implantation. In summary, the TPP scaffold is a promising biomaterial for the clinical treatment of bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jingxia Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yongcheng City People's Hospital, Henan, Yongcheng 476600, PR China
| | - Chenjie Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chenxu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Weiwei Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shuyang Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nantong 226000, PR China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kunming Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222005, PR China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Fangzhou Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma L, Zhang Y, Wang C. Coaction of TGF-β1 and CDMP1 in BMSCs-induced laryngeal cartilage repair in rabbits. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:130. [PMID: 33252704 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are well-known for tissue regeneration and bone repair. This study intended to evaluate the potential efficiency BMSCs in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds for the treatment of laryngeal cartilage defects. BMSCs were isolated and identified, and added with 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) or/and 300 ng/mL CDMP1 to coculture with PLGA scaffolds. The chondrogenic differentiation, migration, and apoptosis of BMSCs were detected under the action of TGF-β1 or/and CDMP1. After successful modeling of laryngeal cartilage defects, PLGA scaffolds were transplanted into the rabbits correspondingly. After 8 weeks, laryngeal cartilage defects were assessed. Levels of collagen II, aggrecan, Sox9, Smad2, Smad3, ERK, and JNK were detected. The TGF-β1 or/and CDMP1-induced BMSCs expressed collagen II, aggrecan, and Sox9, with enhanced cell migration and inhibited apoptosis. In addition, laryngeal cartilage defect in rabbits with TGF-β1 or/and CDMP1 was alleviated, and levels of specific cartilage matrix markers were decreased. The combined effects of TGF-β1 and CDMP1 were more significant. The TGF-β1/Smad and ERK/JNK pathways were activated after TGF-β1 or/and CDMP1 were added to BMSCs or rabbits. In summary, BMSCs and PLGA scaffolds repair laryngeal cartilage defects in rabbits by activating the TGF-β1/Smad and ERK/JNK pathways under the coaction of TGF-β1 and CDMP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, Shandong, PR China
| | - Caihua Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|