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Lo MS, Towne M, VanNoy GE, Brownstein CA, Lane AA, Chatila TA, Agrawal PB. Monogenic Hashimoto thyroiditis associated with a variant in the thyroglobulin (TG) gene. J Autoimmun 2018; 86:116-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bliddal S, Nielsen CH, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Recent advances in understanding autoimmune thyroid disease: the tallest tree in the forest of polyautoimmunity. F1000Res 2017; 6:1776. [PMID: 29043075 PMCID: PMC5621109 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11535.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is often observed together with other autoimmune diseases. The coexistence of two or more autoimmune diseases in the same patient is referred to as polyautoimmunity, and AITD is the autoimmune disease most frequently involved. The occurrence of polyautoimmunity has led to the hypothesis that the affected patients suffer from a generalized dysregulation of their immune system. The present review summarizes recent discoveries unravelling the immunological mechanisms involved in autoimmunity, ranging from natural autoimmunity to disease-specific autoimmunity. Furthermore, the clinical grounds for considering AITD in a setting of polyautoimmunity are explored. A better understanding of these may pave the way for designing new treatment modalities targeting the underlying immune dysregulation when AITD appears in the context of polyautoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bliddal
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Section 2132, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Section 2132, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Qian W, Xu K, Jia W, Lan L, Zheng X, Yang X, Cui D. Association between TSHR gene polymorphism and the risk of Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:466-475. [PMID: 27231040 PMCID: PMC5138578 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20140144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is thought to be a significant candidate for genetic susceptibility to Graves' disease (GD). However, the association between TSHR gene polymorphism and the risk of GD remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the two conditions by meta-analysis. We searched all relevant case-control studies in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang for literature available until May 2015, and chose studies on two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs179247 and rs12101255, within TSHR intron-1. Bias of heterogeneity test among studies was determined by the fixed or random effect pooled measure, and publication bias was examined by modified Begg's and Egger's test. Eight eligible studies with 15 outcomes were involved in this meta-analysis, including 6,976 GD cases and 7,089 controls from China, Japan, Poland, UK and Brazil. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) for allelic comparisons showed that both TSHR rs179247A/G and rs12101255T/C polymorphism had significant association with GD (OR=1.422, 95%CI=1.353–1.495, P<0.001, Pheterogeneity=0.448; OR=1.502, 95%CI: 1.410–1.600, P<0.001, Pheterogeneity=0.642), and the associations were the same under dominant, recessive and co-dominant models. In subgroup analyses, the conclusions are also consistent with all those in Asian, European and South America subgroups (P<0.001). Our meta-analysis revealed a significant association between TSHR rs179247A/G and rs12101255T/C polymorphism with GD in five different populations from Asia, Europe and South America. Further studies are needed in other ethnic backgrounds to independently confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wenting Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ling Lan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, The Forth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xuqin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xueyang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Dai Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China;
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Berrih-Aknin S. Myasthenia Gravis: paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 52:1-28. [PMID: 24934596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a paradigm of organ-specific autoimmune disease (AID). It is mediated by antibodies that target the neuromuscular junction. The purpose of this review is to place MG in the general context of autoimmunity, to summarize the common mechanisms between MG and other AIDs, and to describe the specific mechanisms of MG. We have chosen the most common organ-specific AIDs to compare with MG: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS), some systemic AIDs (systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS)), as well as inflammatory diseases of the gut and liver (celiac disease (CeD), Crohn's disease (CD), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)). Several features are similar between all AIDs, suggesting that common pathogenic mechanisms lead to their development. In this review, we address the predisposing factors (genetic, epigenetic, hormones, vitamin D, microbiota), the triggering components (infections, drugs) and their interactions with the immune system [1,2]. The dysregulation of the immune system is detailed and includes the role of B cells, Treg cells, Th17 and cytokines. We particularly focused on the role of TNF-α and interferon type I whose role in MG is very analogous to that in several other AIDS. The implication of AIRE, a key factor in central tolerance is also discussed. Finally, if MG is a prototype of AIDS, it has a clear specificity compared to the other AIDS, by the fact that the target organ, the muscle, is not the site of immune infiltration and B cell expansion, but exclusively that of antibody-mediated pathogenic mechanisms. By contrast, the thymus in the early onset subtype frequently undergoes tissue remodeling, resulting in the development of ectopic germinal centers surrounded by high endothelial venules (HEV), as observed in the target organs of many other AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center UM76, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM U974, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS FRE 3617, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Myology, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Jabrocka-Hybel A, Skalniak A, Piątkowski J, Pach D, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A. How Far Are We from Understanding the Genetic Basis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis? Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:337-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.755175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Urbano F, Acquafredda A, Aceto G, Penza R, Cavallo L. Unusual pediatric co-morbility: autoimmune thyroiditis and cortico-resistant nephrotic syndrome in a 6-month-old Italian patient. Ital J Pediatr 2012; 38:57. [PMID: 23092196 PMCID: PMC3502177 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a case of autoimmune thyroiditis in a 6-month-old patient with cortico-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Normal serum levels of thyroid hormons and thyroid-stimulating hormone were detected with high titers of circulant antithyroid antibodies and a dysomogeneous ultrasound appearance of the gland, typical of autoimmune thyroiditis. The research of maternal thyroid antibodies was negative. This is the first case of autoimmune thyroiditis found in such a young patient with pre-existing nephrotic syndrome ever described in literature. This association is random because nephrotic syndrome does not have an autoimmune pathogenesis and the genes involved in autoimmune thyroiditis are not related to those of nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Urbano
- Biomedicine Department of Development Age, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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Płoski R, Szymański K, Bednarczuk T. The genetic basis of graves' disease. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:542-63. [PMID: 22654555 PMCID: PMC3271308 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented comprehensive review of current knowledge about genetic factors predisposing to Graves’ disease (GD) put emphasis on functional significance of observed associations. In particular, we discuss recent efforts aimed at refining diseases associations found within the HLA complex and implicating HLA class I as well as HLA-DPB1 loci. We summarize data regarding non-HLA genes such as PTPN22, CTLA4, CD40, TSHR and TG which have been extensively studied in respect to their role in GD. We review recent findings implicating variants of FCRL3 (gene for FC receptor-like-3 protein), SCGB3A2 (gene for secretory uteroglobin-related protein 1- UGRP1) as well as other unverified possible candidate genes for GD selected through their documented association with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Tenr–IL2–IL21, CAPSL (encoding calcyphosine-like protein), IFIH1(gene for interferon-induced helicase C domain 1), AFF3, CD226 and PTPN2. We also review reports on association of skewed X chromosome inactivation and fetal microchimerism with GD. Finally we discuss issues of genotype-phenotype correlations in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Stefan M, Jacobson EM, Huber AK, Greenberg DA, Li CW, Skrabanek L, Conception E, Fadlalla M, Ho K, Tomer Y. Novel variant of thyroglobulin promoter triggers thyroid autoimmunity through an epigenetic interferon alpha-modulated mechanism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31168-79. [PMID: 21757724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) arise from complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Whole genome linkage scans and association studies have established thyroglobulin (TG) as a major AITD susceptibility gene. However, the causative TG variants and the pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. Here, we describe a genetic/epigenetic mechanism by which a newly identified TG promoter single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variant predisposes to AITD. Sequencing analyses followed by case control and family-based association studies identified an SNP (-1623A→G) that was associated with AITD in the Caucasian population (p = 0.006). We show that the nucleotide substitution introduced by SNP (-1623A/G) modified a binding site for interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), a major interferon-induced transcription factor. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that IRF-1 binds to the 5' TG promoter motif, and the transcription factor binding correlates with active chromatin structure and is marked by enrichment of mono-methylated Lys-4 residue of histone H3, a signature of active transcriptional enhancers. Using reporter mutations and siRNA approaches, we demonstrate that the disease-associated allele (G) conferred increased TG promoter activity through IRF-1 binding. Finally, treatment of thyroid cells with interferon α, a known trigger of AITD, increased TG promoter activity only when it interacted with the disease-associated variant through IRF-1 binding. These results reveal a new mechanism of interaction between environmental (IFNα) and genetic (TG) factors to trigger AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Stefan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010; 23:125-30. [PMID: 21124095 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283422cce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Varela V, Rizzo L, Domené S, Bruno OD, Tellechea ML, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. Association of the TGrI29 microsatellite in thyroglobulin gene with autoimmune thyroiditis in a Argentinian population: a case-control study. Endocrine 2010; 38:320-7. [PMID: 20972722 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a multifactorial disorder that involves a putative association with thyroid autoantigen-specific and immune regulatory genes, as well as environmental factors. The thyroglobulin gene is the main identified thyroid autoantigen-specific gene associated to autoimmune thyroiditis. The aim of this work was to test for evidence of allelic association between autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) and thyroglobulin polymorphism markers in Argentinian patients. We studied six polymorphisms distributed throughout all the thyroglobulin gene: four microsatellites (Tgms1, Tgms2, TGrI29, and TGrI30), one insertion/deletion polymorphism (IndelTG-IVS18), and one exonic single nucleotide polymorphism (c.7589G>A) in 100 AT patients and 100 healthy control subjects. No differences in allele and genotype frequencies distribution were observed between autoimmune thyroiditis cases and controls for Tgms1, Tgms2, TGrI30, IndelTG-IVS18, and c.7589G>A. However, when we analyzed autoimmune thyroiditis patients with the TGrI29 microsatellite we found a significant association between the 197-bp allele and autoimmune thyroiditis (33.50% vs. 19.00% in control group) (P = 0.001). In addition, a significant major prevalence of the 197/201-bp genotype has been also seen in autoimmune thyroiditis subjects (59% vs. 24% in control group, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, our work showed the association between the thyroglobulin gene and autoimmune thyroiditis in Argentinian population and supports the described evidence of thyroglobulin as a thyroid-specific gene linked to AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Varela
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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