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Jawich K, Hadakie R, Jamal S, Habeeb R, Al Fahoum S, Ferlin A, De Toni L. Emerging Role of Non-collagenous Bone Proteins as Osteokines in Extraosseous Tissues. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:215-225. [PMID: 37937553 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037268414231017074054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a unique tissue, composed of various types of cells embedded in a calcified extracellular matrix (ECM), whose dynamic structure consists of organic and inorganic compounds produced by bone cells. The main inorganic component is represented by hydroxyapatite, whilst the organic ECM is primarily made up of type I collagen and non-collagenous proteins. These proteins play an important role in bone homeostasis, calcium regulation, and maintenance of the hematopoietic niche. Recent advances in bone biology have highlighted the importance of specific bone proteins, named "osteokines", possessing endocrine functions and exerting effects on nonosseous tissues. Accordingly, osteokines have been found to act as growth factors, cell receptors, and adhesion molecules, thus modifying the view of bone from a static tissue fulfilling mobility to an endocrine organ itself. Since bone is involved in a paracrine and endocrine cross-talk with other tissues, a better understanding of bone secretome and the systemic roles of osteokines is expected to provide benefits in multiple topics: such as identification of novel biomarkers and the development of new therapeutic strategies. The present review discusses in detail the known osseous and extraosseous effects of these proteins and the possible respective clinical and therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenda Jawich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Science and Technology, Darrah, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Rana Hadakie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Souhaib Jamal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Rana Habeeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Science and Technology, Darrah, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Sahar Al Fahoum
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Duraisamy R, Ganapathy D, Shanmugam R, Devaraj E, Shenoy A. Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Nanocomposites Based on Nano-Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Chitosan, and Vitamin K2. Cureus 2024; 16:e53339. [PMID: 38435891 PMCID: PMC10908433 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of nanocomposites containing vitamin K2, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP), and chitosan (Chito)-coated dental implants against clinically relevant microbial strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four test compounds were prepared: vitamin K2 + nHAP, K2 + Chito + nHAP, vitamin K2, and vitamin K2 + Chito. Agar well diffusion test was conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results: The vitamin K2 + nHAP nanocomposite exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, with E. faecalis showing the highest sensitivity (25 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µL concentration). The K2 + Chito + nHAP nanocomposite demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity with C. albicans displaying the highest sensitivity (28 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µL concentration). Pure vitamin K2 showed limited antimicrobial activity, vitamin K2 combined with chitosan exhibited significant susceptibility to C. albicans, resulting in a substantial inhibition zone of 24 mm diameter at a concentration of 100 µL. CONCLUSION The synergistic effects of vitamin K2 with nHAP and chitosan highlight the potential of these nanocomposites for biomedical applications. These findings contribute to the development of effective nanocomposites to address antimicrobial resistance and improve infection control in various biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Duraisamy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Dhanraj Ganapathy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Amrutha Shenoy
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Ren C, Chen W, Chen J, Mao C, Liao C, Liu J. The fusion of keratinized epithelium, an indication of early implant placement in the aesthetic area: an animal study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:1016. [PMID: 38115040 PMCID: PMC10729501 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the period of the early implant placement, the socket is mainly occupied by provisional matrix (PM). Keratinized epithelium (KE) is critical for primary wound closure. Although both KE and PM are important, the detailed relationship among migrating KE, PM formation and indication of the early implant placement is still unclear. OBJECTIVE This research aimed to locate a healing stage of KE with highest osteogenic PM formation after tooth extraction, which could be treated as the optimal time point for early implant placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 after incisor extraction. Clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluations of the extraction sockets were performed, and statistical analyses were conducted. We then inserted implants into the PM with the greatest bioactivity and observed its osseointegration pattern for 3, 10, 17 and 30 days. RESULT When KE fusion was reached, sockets were dominated by PM with the greatest expression of osteocalcin (OC, P < 0.05) and high levels of CD34 and Runx2. OC and Runx2 expression were positively correlated with KE coverage (P < 0.05). When the implant was inserted at 4 days' healing, the PM maintained its osteogenic ability, and osseointegration proceeded perfectly. CONCLUSION The migration of KE was correlated with the formation of highly osteogenic and angiogenic PM. And the fusion of KE could be treated as an indication for early implant placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianan Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Boix-Lemonche G, Nagymihaly RM, Lumi X, Petrovski G. The human lens is capable of trilineage differentiation towards osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenesis-a model for studying cataract pathogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1164795. [PMID: 37324433 PMCID: PMC10264667 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1164795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for trilineage differentiation of cells in tissues represents a model for studying disease pathogenesis and regeneration pathways. Human lens trilineage differentiation has not yet been demonstrated, and so has calcification and osteogenic differentiation of human lens epithelial cells in the whole human lens. Such changes can pose a risk for complications during cataract surgery. Human lens capsules (n = 9) from cataract patients undergoing uneventful surgery were trilineage-differentiated toward osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Furthermore, whole human healthy lenses (n = 3) collected from cadaveric eyes were differentiated into bone and characterized by immunohistochemistry. The cells in the human lens capsules were capable of undergoing trilineage differentiation, while the whole human healthy lenses could undergo osteogenesis differentiation, expressing osteocalcin, collagen I, and pigment epithelium-derived factor. We, hereby, show an ex vivo model for cataract formation through different stages of opacification, as well as provide in vivo evidence from patients undergoing calcified lens extraction with bone-like consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Boix-Lemonche
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Xhevat Lumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Split School of Medicine and University Hospital Centre, Split, Croatia
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Staab JS, Lutz LJ, Foulis SA, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Hughes JM. Load carriage aerobic exercise stimulates a transient rise in biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:85-94. [PMID: 36454676 PMCID: PMC9829485 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00442.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise can be both anabolic and catabolic for bone tissue. The temporal response of both bone formation and resorption following an acute bout of exercise is not well described. We assayed biochemical markers of bone and calcium metabolism for up to 3 days after military-relevant exercise. In randomized order, male (n = 18) and female (n = 2) Soldiers (means ± SD; 21.2 ± 4.1 years) performed a 60-min bout of load carriage (30% body mass; 22.4 ± 3.7 kg) treadmill exercise (EXER) or a resting control trial (REST). Blood samples were collected following provision of a standardized breakfast before (PRE), after (POST) exercise/rest, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h into recovery. Fasted samples were also collected at 0630 on EXER and REST and for the next three mornings after EXER. Parathyroid hormone and phosphorus were elevated (208% and 128% of PRE, respectively, P < 0.05), and ionized calcium reduced (88% of PRE, P < 0.05) after EXER. N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen was elevated at POST (111% of PRE, P < 0.05), and the resorption marker, C-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen was elevated at 1 h (153% of PRE, P < 0.05). Osteocalcin was higher than PRE at 1 through 4 h post EXER (119%-120% of PRE, P < 0.05). Sclerostin and Dickkopf-related protein-1 were elevated only at POST (132% and 121% of PRE, respectively, P < 0.05) during EXER. Trivial changes in biomarkers during successive recovery days were observed. These results suggest that 60 min of load carriage exercise elicits transient increases in bone formation and resorption that return to pre-exercise concentrations within 24 h post-exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we demonstrated evidence for increases in both bone formation and resorption in the first 4 h after a bout of load carriage exercise. However, these changes largely disappear by 24 h after exercise. Acute formation and resorption of bone following exercise may reflect distinct physiological mechanoadaptive responses. Future work is needed to identify ways to promote acute post-exercise bone formation and minimize post-exercise resorption to optimize bone adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Laura J Lutz
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Foulis
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Erin Gaffney-Stomberg
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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Lorencetti-Silva F, Sales LS, Lamarque GDCC, Caixeta GA, Arnez MFM, Faccioli LH, Paula-Silva FWG. Effects of inflammation in dental pulp cell differentiation and reparative response. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.942714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The responsiveness of the dentin-pulp complex is possible due to the stimulation of dental pulp cells, which begin to synthesize and secrete dentin matrix. The inflammatory process generated by harmful stimuli should be understood as a natural event of the immune response, resulting in the recruitment of hematopoietic cells, which cross the endothelial barrier and reach the site affected by the injury in order to eliminate the damage and provide an appropriate environment for the restoration of homeostasis. The repair process occurs in the presence of adequate blood supply, absence of infection, and with the participation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix components, and other biologically active molecules. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are bioactive molecules derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid, as a result of a variable range of cellular stimuli. The aim of this review is to describe the process of formation and biomineralization of the dentin-pulp complex and how pro-inflammatory events can modify this response, with emphasis on the lipid mediators prostaglandins and leukotrienes derived from arachidonic acid metabolism.
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Yuan W, Song C. Crosstalk between bone and other organs. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:331-348. [PMID: 37724328 PMCID: PMC10471111 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone has long been considered as a silent organ that provides a reservoir of calcium and phosphorus, traditionally. Recently, further study of bone has revealed additional functions as an endocrine organ connecting systemic organs of the whole body. Communication between bone and other organs participates in most physiological and pathological events and is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis. Here, we present an overview of the crosstalk between bone and other organs. Furthermore, we describe the factors mediating the crosstalk and review the mechanisms in the development of potential associated diseases. These connections shed new light on the pathogenesis of systemic diseases and provide novel potential targets for the treatment of systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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The Bone Biomarker Response to an Acute Bout of Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2889-2908. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Giannasi C, Mangiavini L, Niada S, Colombo A, Della Morte E, Vismara V, Ambrosanio A, Savadori P, Casati S, Peretti GM, Brini AT. Human Osteochondral Explants as an Ex Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis for the Assessment of a Novel Class of Orthobiologics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061231. [PMID: 35745803 PMCID: PMC9229444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent joint disease still lacking effective treatments. Its multifactorial etiology hampers the development of relevant preclinical models to evaluate innovative therapeutic solutions. In the last decade, the potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) secretome, or conditioned medium (CM), has emerged as an alternative to cell therapy. Here, we investigated the effects of the CM from adipose MSCs (ASCs), accounting for both soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, on human osteochondral explants. Biopsies, isolated from total knee replacement surgery, were cultured without additional treatment or with the CM from 106 ASCs, both in the absence and in the presence of 10 ng/mL TNFα. Tissue viability and several OA-related hallmarks were monitored at 1, 3 and 6 days. Specimen viability was maintained over culture. After 3 days, TNFα induced the enhancement of matrix metalloproteinase activity and glycosaminoglycan release, both efficiently counteracted by CM. The screening of inflammatory lipids, proteases and cytokines outlined interesting modulations, driving the attention to new players in the OA process. Here, we confirmed the promising beneficial action of ASC secretome in the OA context and profiled several bioactive factors involved in its progression, in the perspective of accelerating an answer to its unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giannasi
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mangiavini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Colombo
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Vismara
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ambrosanio
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Savadori
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Casati
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Peretti
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Brini
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review recent literature investigating the relationship between bone health and sleep/circadian disruptions (e.g., abnormal sleep duration, night shift work). RECENT FINDINGS Short and long sleep are associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). Recent data from observational studies identified an increased risk of fracture in women with short sleep. Studies suggest that age, sex, weight change, and concurrent circadian misalignment may modify the effects of sleep restriction on bone metabolism. Interventional studies demonstrate alterations in bone metabolism and structure in response to circadian disruption that could underlie the increased fracture risk seen with night shift work. The effects of sleep and circadian disruption during adolescence may have lifelong skeletal consequences if they adversely impact bone modeling. Data suggest that short sleep and night shift work negatively impact bone metabolism and health. Rigorous studies of prevalent sleep and circadian disruptions are needed to determine mechanisms and develop prevention strategies to optimize lifelong skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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11
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Mu S, Xia Y, Wu Q, Ji C, Dai H, Zhang M, Jiao J, Shi F, Liu S, Wang G, Shen T, Tian Y, Yang L, Fu Q, Zhao Y. Response of Bone Metabolism Markers to Ice Swimming in Regular Practitioners. Front Physiol 2021; 12:731523. [PMID: 34899374 PMCID: PMC8662563 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.731523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Both exercise and cold exposure cause physiological stress and they often occur in combination. However, the effects of exercise during severe cold on variation in bone metabolism in humans have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the variations in circulating bone metabolism markers after ice swimming (IS). Methods: Eighty-seven women and men aged 42–84 years old were recruited to perform regular IS activities. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium (Ca2+), total phosphorus (Pi), total magnesium (Mg2+), N-terminal osteocalcin (N-MID), total propeptide of procollagen 1 (TPINP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) were measured 30 min before and 30 min after IS. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed at lumbar spine 1–4 (L1–L4) and femoral neck (FN). The IS habits were obtained from questionnaires and the 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture was calculated using the FRAX® tool with and without a BMD value of the FN. Results: There were significant increases in PTH (median, 40.120–51.540 pg/mL), Ca2+ (median, 2.330–2.400 mmol/L), and Pi (median, 1.100–1.340 mmol/L) and significant decreases in TPINP (median, 38.190–36.610 ng/mL) and β-CTX (median, 0.185–0.171 ng/mL), while there was a trend for increased serum Mg2+ (P = 0.058) but no significant change in N-MID (P = 0.933) after IS in all subjects. The increases in the proportions of cases of hyperparathyroidemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia in those performing IS were statistically significant. The baseline levels and the changes of bone metabolism markers had associations with osteoporosis and bone status, but these may be age and sex dependent. Finally, there were significant correlations among the bone metabolism markers. Conclusion: IS caused significant alterations in bone metabolic markers, specifically, increases in PTH, Ca2+ and Pi should raise concerns about potential cardiovascular health risks in severe cold exercise. Additionally, a divergence between PTH elevation and a decline in bone turnover, which shown a special change of bone metabolism after IS and may suggest potential therapeutic implications of cold exercise in PTH and bone metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huixu Dai
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengye Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liqing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The Effects of Osteoporotic and Non-osteoporotic Medications on Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density. Drugs 2021; 81:1831-1858. [PMID: 34724173 PMCID: PMC8578161 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent bone disease affecting more than 37.5 million individuals in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA). It is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), impaired bone quality, and loss of structural and biomechanical properties, resulting in reduced bone strength. An increase in morbidity and mortality is seen in patients with osteoporosis, caused by the approximately 3.5 million new osteoporotic fractures occurring every year in the EU. Currently, different medications are available for the treatment of osteoporosis, including anti-resorptive and osteoanabolic medications. Bisphosphonates, which belong to the anti-resorptive medications, are the standard treatment for osteoporosis based on their positive effects on bone, long-term experience, and low costs. However, not only medications used for the treatment of osteoporosis can affect bone: several other medications are suggested to have an effect on bone as well, especially on fracture risk and BMD. Knowledge about the positive and negative effects of different medications on both fracture risk and BMD is important, as it can contribute to an improvement in osteoporosis prevention and treatment in general, and, even more importantly, to the individual's health. In this review, we therefore discuss the effects of both osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic medications on fracture risk and BMD. In addition, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179328. [PMID: 34502245 PMCID: PMC8430550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K and Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are best known for their pivotal role in blood coagulation. Of the 14 VKPDs identified in humans to date, 6 play also important roles in skeletal biology and disease. Thus, osteocalcin, also termed bone Gla-protein, is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone. Matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP on the other hand are highly abundant in cartilage. Furthermore, periostin, protein S, and growth arrest specific 6 protein (GAS 6) are expressed in skeletal tissues. The roles for these VKDPs are diverse but include the control of calcification and turnover of bone and cartilage. Vitamin K plays an important role in osteoporosis and serum osteocalcin levels are recognized as a promising marker for osteoporosis. On the other hand, matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP are associated with osteoarthritis. This review focuses on the roles of these three VKDPs, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP, in skeletal development and disease but will also summarize the roles the other skeletal VKDPs (periostin, protein S and GAS6) in skeletal biology.
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Moschonis G, van den Heuvel EGHM, Mavrogianni C, Manios Y. Effect of Vitamin D-Enriched Gouda-Type Cheese Consumption on Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women in Greece. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092985. [PMID: 34578863 PMCID: PMC8470132 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the role of bone metabolism in understanding the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of vitamin D-enriched cheese on the serum concentrations of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and certain bone remodeling biomarkers in postmenopausal women in Greece. In a randomised, controlled dietary intervention, 79 postmenopausal women (55–75 years old) were randomly allocated either to a control (CG: n = 39) or an intervention group (IG: n = 40), consuming 60 g of either non-enriched or vitamin D3-enriched Gouda-type cheese (5.7 μg of vitamin D3), respectively, daily and for eight weeks during the winter. The serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), PTH, bone formation (i.e., osteocalcin, P1NP) and bone resorption (i.e., TRAP-5b) biomarkers were measured. Consumption of the vitamin D-enriched cheese led to higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 23.4 ± 6.39 (p = 0.022) and 13.4 ± 1.35 (p < 0.001) nmol/L in vitamin D-insufficient women being at menopause for less and more than 5 years, respectively. In vitamin D-insufficient women that were less than 5 years at menopause, consumption of vitamin D-enriched cheese was also associated with lower serum PTH (Beta −0.63 ± 1.11; p < 0.001) and TRAP-5b (Beta −0.65 ± 0.23; p = 0.004) levels at follow-up, compared with the CG. The present study showed that daily intake of 5.7 μg of vitamin D through enriched cheese increased serum 25(OH)D concentrations, prevented PTH increase and reduced bone resorption in vitamin D-insufficient early postmenopausal women, thus reflecting a potential food-based solution for reducing the risk of bone loss occurring after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Moschonis
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9479-3482
| | | | - Christina Mavrogianni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (Y.M.)
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15
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Lombardi G, Berjano P, Cecchinato R, Langella F, Perego S, Sansoni V, Tartara F, Regazzoni P, Lamartina C. Peri-Surgical Inflammatory Profile Associated with Mini-Invasive or Standard Open Lumbar Interbody Fusion Approaches. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143128. [PMID: 34300294 PMCID: PMC8303236 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different surgical approaches are available for lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) to treat disc degeneration. However, a quantification of their invasiveness is lacking, and the definition of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has not been biochemically detailed. We aimed at characterizing the inflammatory, hematological, and clinical peri-surgical responses to different LIF techniques. METHODS 68 healthy subjects affected by single-level discopathy (L3 to S1) were addressed to MIS, anterior (ALIF, n = 21) or lateral (LLIF, n = 23), and conventional approaches, transforaminal (TLIF, n = 24), based on the preoperative clinical assessment. Venous blood samples were taken 24 h before the surgery and 24 and 72 h after surgery to assess a wide panel of inflammatory and hematological markers. RESULTS martial (serum iron and transferrin) and pro-angiogenic profiles (MMP-2, TWEAK) were improved in ALIF and LLIF compared to TLIF, while the acute phase response (C-reactive protein, sCD163) was enhanced in LLIF. CONCLUSIONS MIS procedures (ALIF and LLIF) associated with a reduced incidence of post-operative anemic status, faster recovery, and enhanced pro-angiogenic stimuli compared with TLIF. LLIF associated with an earlier activation of innate immune mechanisms than ALIF and TLIF. The trend of the inflammation markers confirms that the theoretically defined mini-invasive procedures behave as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.P.); (V.S.)
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education and Sport, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Pedro Berjano
- OU GSpine 4, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Riccardo Cecchinato
- OU GSpine 4, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Francesco Langella
- OU GSpine 4, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Fulvio Tartara
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Pietro Regazzoni
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Claudio Lamartina
- OU GSpine 4, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.)
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16
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Cariati I, Bonanni R, Onorato F, Mastrogregori A, Rossi D, Iundusi R, Gasbarra E, Tancredi V, Tarantino U. Role of Physical Activity in Bone-Muscle Crosstalk: Biological Aspects and Clinical Implications. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:55. [PMID: 34205747 PMCID: PMC8293201 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle tissues influence each other through the integration of mechanical and biochemical signals, giving rise to bone-muscle crosstalk. They are also known to secrete osteokines, myokines, and cytokines into the circulation, influencing the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. In this regard, even osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which were initially thought to be two independent diseases, have recently been defined under the term "osteosarcopenia", to indicate a synergistic condition of low bone mass with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Undoubtedly, osteosarcopenia is a major public health concern, being associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The best current defence against osteosarcopenia is prevention based on a healthy lifestyle and regular exercise. The most appropriate type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise to positively influence osteosarcopenia are not yet known. However, combined programmes of progressive resistance exercises, weight-bearing impact exercises, and challenging balance/mobility activities currently appear to be the most effective in optimising musculoskeletal health and function. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge about the role of exercise in bone-muscle crosstalk, highlighting how it may represent an effective alternative strategy to prevent and/or counteract the onset of osteosarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- PhD in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Federica Onorato
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Ambra Mastrogregori
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Danilo Rossi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Riccardo Iundusi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Gasbarra
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.T.)
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (A.M.); (D.R.); (R.I.); (E.G.)
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17
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Iwamoto D, Masaki C, Shibata Y, Watanabe C, Nodai T, Munemasa T, Mukaibo T, Kondo Y, Hosokawa R. Microstructural and mechanical recovery of bone in ovariectomized rats: The effects of menaquinone-7. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104571. [PMID: 34029943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of bone quantity and quality in postmenopausal female patients can be a problem for dental treatment. A sufficient intake of nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and vitamins D and K is likely correlated with the mechanical properties of bone. In particular, vitamin K2, also called menaquinone (MK), inhibits bone loss in postmenopausal women. Here we demonstrate the microstructural and mechanical properties of bone recovery in ovariectomized (OVX) rats during MK-7 administration. Bilateral ovariectomy and a sham operation were performed on 14-week-old female SPF Wistar rats. MK-4 and -7 were orally administered at 30 mg/kg daily for 12 weeks. The femur was used for the 3-point bending test and microstructural analysis of the cancellous bone by micro-CT, and the mandibular cortical bone for the evaluation of mechanical properties on a nanoscale. Micro-computed tomography revealed irregular trabecular architecture, hollow marrow cavities, and sparse trabecular bone in the femurs of the OVX group. Trabecular bone structure analysis showed that the MK-7 group had greater bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) and a higher trabecular number than the OVX group. The bulk-scale 3-point bending test did not allow the mechanical properties between OVX and OVX/MK7 groups to be discerned, yet at the smallest level, the elastic-plastic transition point of the nanoindentation stress-strain curve of the mandibular cortical bone was higher in the MK-7 group than in the OVX group. These findings suggest that MK-7 enables bone microstructural and mechanical recovery in the OVX model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisei Iwamoto
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan
| | - Chihiro Masaki
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan.
| | - Yo Shibata
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Engineering, Showa University School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Chie Watanabe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Engineering, Showa University School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Nodai
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan
| | - Takashi Munemasa
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan
| | - Taro Mukaibo
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hosokawa
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Japan
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18
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Gerosa L, Lombardi G. Bone-to-Brain: A Round Trip in the Adaptation to Mechanical Stimuli. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623893. [PMID: 33995117 PMCID: PMC8120436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the classical ones (support/protection, hematopoiesis, storage for calcium, and phosphate) multiple roles emerged for bone tissue, definitively making it an organ. Particularly, the endocrine function, and in more general terms, the capability to sense and integrate different stimuli and to send signals to other tissues, has highlighted the importance of bone in homeostasis. Bone is highly innervated and hosts all nervous system branches; bone cells are sensitive to most of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurohormones that directly affect their metabolic activity and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Indeed, bone is the principal mechanosensitive organ. Thanks to the mechanosensing resident cells, and particularly osteocytes, mechanical stimulation induces metabolic responses in bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells that allow the adaptation of the affected bony segment to the changing environment. Once stimulated, bone cells express and secrete, or liberate from the entrapping matrix, several mediators (osteokines) that induce responses on distant targets. Brain is a target of some of these mediator [e.g., osteocalcin, lipocalin2, sclerostin, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), and fibroblast growth factor 23], as most of them can cross the blood-brain barrier. For others, a role in brain has been hypothesized, but not yet demonstrated. As exercise effectively modifies the release and the circulating levels of these osteokines, it has been hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain functions may be associated to such a bone-to-brain communication. This hypothesis hides an interesting clinical clue: may well-addressed physical activities support the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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19
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AlHajri L, Ayoub A, Ahmed H, AlMulla M. Effect of Vitamin K2 Alone or in Combination on Various Bone Turnover Markers Amongst Postmenopausal Females. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:11-26. [PMID: 33730780 PMCID: PMC7973400 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is common in postmenopausal women. Some studies have demonstrated the usefulness of vitamin K through the action of bone-specific proteins and osteoblast and osteoclast activities. However, no systematic review had explored this aspect in postmenopausal women. Hence, this systematic review aimed to explore the effect of vitamin K2 alone or in combination with other agents (vitamin D3 or calcium) on various bone turnover markers (BTMs) and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant studies using specific inclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out using standardized tests, and the results were narratively synthesized and presented in the form of tables. Results Vitamin K2 was beneficial in inducing an improvement or preventing deterioration, as evidenced by the BMD and osteocalcin (OC), undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), carboxylated OC (cOC), and γ-carboxylated OC levels. However, its effect was not conclusive when procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, bone alkaline phosphatase, deoxypyridinoline, and N-terminal telopeptide levels (NTX) and ucOC:cOC or cOC:ucOC, and NTX:creatinine ratios were examined. Conclusions Vitamin K2 supplementation combined with vitamin D and calcium was found to be advantageous. However, vitamin K2 supplementation cannot replace the existing treatment options. In addition, vitamin K2 should be used with caution, considering its interactions with food and other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia AlHajri
- Department of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Amna Ayoub
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hessa Ahmed
- Department of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwa AlMulla
- Department of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Vitale JA, Sansoni V, Faraldi M, Messina C, Verdelli C, Lombardi G, Corbetta S. Circulating Carboxylated Osteocalcin Correlates With Skeletal Muscle Mass and Risk of Fall in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:669704. [PMID: 34025583 PMCID: PMC8133362 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.669704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone and skeletal muscle represent a single functional unit. We cross-sectionally investigated body composition, risk of fall and circulating osteocalcin (OC) isoforms in osteoporotic postmenopausal women to test the hypothesis of an involvement of OC in the bone-muscle crosstalk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine non-diabetic, non-obese, postmenopausal osteoporotic women (age 72.4 ± 6.8 years; BMI 23.0 ± 3.3 kg/m2) underwent to: 1) fasting blood sampling for biochemical and hormone assays, including carboxylated (cOC) and uncarboxylated (uOC) osteocalcin; 2) whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess total and regional body composition; 3) magnetic resonance imaging to determine cross-sectional muscle area (CSA) and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) of thigh muscles; 4) risk of fall assessment through the OAK system. RESULTS Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMMI) was low in 45% of patients. Forty percent got a low OAK score, consistent with moderate-severe risk of fall, which was predicted by low legs lean mass and increased total fat mass. Circulating cOC levels showed significantly correlated with βCTx-I, lean mass parameters including IMAT, and OAK score. Fractured and unfractured women did not differ for any of the analyzed parameters, though cOC and uOC positively correlated with legs lean mass, OAK score and bone markers only in fractured women. CONCLUSIONS Data supported the relationship between OC and skeletal muscle mass and function in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Serum cOC, but not uOC, emerges as mediator in the bone-muscle crosstalk. Circulating cOC and uOC levels may be differentially regulated in fractured and unfractured osteoporotic women, suggesting underlying differences in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- Laboratory of Movement and Sport Science, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Faraldi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Messina
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Verdelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Lombardi,
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. Importance of micronutrients in bone health of monogastric animals and techniques to improve the bioavailability of micronutrient supplements - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1885-1895. [PMID: 32164057 PMCID: PMC7649403 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins and minerals categorized as micronutrients are the essential components of animal feed for maintaining health and improving immunity. Micronutrients are important bioactive molecules and cofactors of enzymes as well. Besides being cofactors for enzymes, some vitamins such as the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin A and D have been shown to exhibit hormone-like functions. Although they are required in small amount, they play an influential role in the proper functioning of a number of enzymes which are involved in many metabolic, biochemical and physiological processes that contribute to growth, production and health. Micronutrients can potentially have a positive impact on bone health, preventing bone loss and fractures, decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. Thus, micronutrients must be provided to livestock in optimal concentrations and according to requirements that change during the rapid growth and development of the animal and the production cycle. The supply of nutrients to the animal body not only depends on the amount of the nutrient in a food, but also on its bioavailability. The bioavailability of these micronutrients is affected by several factors. Therefore, several technologies such as nanoparticle, encapsulation, and chelation have been developed to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients associated with bone health. The intention of this review is to provide an updated overview of the importance of micronutrients on bone health and methods applied to improve their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Garbe A, Graef F, Appelt J, Schmidt-Bleek K, Jahn D, Lünnemann T, Tsitsilonis S, Seemann R. Leptin Mediated Pathways Stabilize Posttraumatic Insulin and Osteocalcin Patterns after Long Bone Fracture and Concomitant Traumatic Brain Injury and Thus Influence Fracture Healing in a Combined Murine Trauma Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239144. [PMID: 33266324 PMCID: PMC7729898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on insulin, leptin, osteocalcin (OCN), and bone remodeling have evoked interest in the interdependence of bone formation and energy household. Accordingly, this study attempts to investigate trauma specific hormone changes in a murine trauma model and its influence on fracture healing. Thereunto 120 female wild type (WT) and leptin-deficient mice underwent either long bone fracture (Fx), traumatic brain injury (TBI), combined trauma (Combined), or neither of it and therefore served as controls (C). Blood samples were taken weekly after trauma and analyzed for insulin and OCN concentrations. Here, WT-mice with Fx and, moreover, with combined trauma showed a greater change in posttraumatic insulin and OCN levels than mice with TBI alone. In the case of leptin-deficiency, insulin changes were still increased after bony lesion, but the posttraumatic OCN was no longer trauma specific. Four weeks after trauma, hormone levels recovered to normal/basal line level in both mouse strains. Thus, WT- and leptin-deficient mice show a trauma specific hyperinsulinaemic stress reaction leading to a reduction in OCN synthesis and release. In WT-mice, this causes a disinhibition and acceleration of fracture healing after combined trauma. In leptin-deficiency, posttraumatic OCN changes are no longer specific and fracture healing is impaired regardless of the preceding trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Garbe
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frank Graef
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Jessika Appelt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Denise Jahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Tim Lünnemann
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Ricarda Seemann
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (F.G.); (J.A.); (D.J.); (T.L.); (S.T.); (R.S.)
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Dolan E, Varley I, Ackerman KE, Pereira RMR, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. The Bone Metabolic Response to Exercise and Nutrition. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 48:49-58. [PMID: 31913188 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone (re)modeling markers can help determine how the bone responds to different types, intensities, and durations of exercise. They also might help predict those at risk of bone injury. We synthesized evidence on the acute and chronic bone metabolic responses to exercise, along with how nutritional factors can moderate this response. Recommendations to optimize future research efforts are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Varley
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rosa Maria R Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Schröder M, Riksen EA, He J, Skallerud BH, Møller ME, Lian AM, Syversen U, Reseland JE. Vitamin K2 Modulates Vitamin D-Induced Mechanical Properties of Human 3D Bone Spheroids In Vitro. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10394. [PMID: 32995695 PMCID: PMC7507351 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotational culture promotes primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) to form three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids with bone tissue-like structure without any scaffolding material. Cell-based bone models enable us to investigate the effect of different agents on the mechanical strength of bone. Given that low dietary intake of both vitamin D and K is negatively associated with fracture risk, we aimed to assess the effect of these vitamins in this system. Osteospheres of hOBs were generated with menaquinone-4 (MK-4; 10μM) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3; 0.01μM], alone and in combination, or without vitamins. The mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation using a flat-punch compression method, and the mineralized extracellular bone matrix was characterized by microscopy. The in vitro response of hOBs to MK-4 and 25(OH)D3 was further evaluated in two-dimensional (2D) cultures and in the 3D bone constructs applying gene expression analysis and multiplex immunoassays. Mechanical testing revealed that 25(OH)D3 induced a stiffer and MK-4 a softer or more flexible osteosphere compared with control. Combined vitamin conditions induced the same flexibility as MK-4 alone. Enhanced levels of periostin (p < 0.001) and altered distribution of collagen type I (COL-1) were found in osteospheres supplemented with MK-4. In contrast, 25(OH)D3 reduced COL-1, both at the mRNA and protein levels, increased alkaline phosphatase, and stimulated mineral deposition in the osteospheres. With the two vitamins in combination, enhanced gene expression of periostin and COL-1 was seen, as well as extended osteoid formation into the central region and increased mineral deposition all over the area. Moreover, we observed enhanced levels of osteocalcin in 2D and osteopontin in 3D cultures exposed to 25(OH)D3 alone and combined with MK-4. In conclusion, the two vitamins seem to affect bone mechanical properties differently: vitamin D enhancing stiffness and K2 conveying flexibility to bone. These effects may translate to increased fracture resistance in vivo. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schröder
- Department of Biomaterials University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - Jianying He
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Skallerud
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Aina-Mari Lian
- Oral Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Unni Syversen
- Oral Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine NTNU Trondheim Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital Trondheim Norway
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25
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Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:388-400. [PMID: 32529456 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically, the coupling between muscle and bone has been viewed in light of mechanotransduction, which dictates that the mechanical forces applied to muscle are transmitted to the skeleton to initiate bone formation. However, these organs also communicate through the endocrine system, orchestrated by a family of cytokines namely myokines (derived from myocytes) and osteokines (derived from bone cells). A third player in this biochemical crosstalk is adipose tissue and the secretion of adipokines (derived from adipocytes). In this review, we discuss the bidirectional effects of myokines and osteokines on muscle and bone metabolism, and the impact of adipokines on both of these secretory organs. RECENT FINDINGS Several myokines, notably, IL6, irisin, IGF-1, BDNF, myostatin, and FGF2 exert anabolic/catabolic effects on bone, while the osteokines osteocalcin and sclerostin have shown to induce muscle anabolism and catabolism, respectively. Adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and TNFα (released from adipose tissue), can also modulate muscle and bone metabolism. Contrarily, exercise-mediated release of lipolytic myokines (IL6, irisin, and LIF) stimulates thermogenesis by promoting the browning of adipocytes. Myokines, osteokines, and adipokines exert autocrine/paracrine effects locally as well as through the endocrine system, to regulate muscle, bone, and fat metabolism. Reductions in physical activity and increases in energy intake, both linked with aging, leads to adipocyte hypertrophy and the recruitment of immunological cells (macrophages). In turn, this releases pro-inflammatory adipokines which induces chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI), a key player in the pathology of several diseases. However, exercise-induced stimulation of bioactive cytokines, through muscle-bone-fat crosstalk, increases muscle anabolism, bone formation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose utilization, and fatty acid oxidation, and attenuates chronic LGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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26
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Zhu X, Yan H, Chang X, Xia M, Zhang L, Wang L, Sun X, Yang X, Gao X, Bian H. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatic fibrosis and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose regulation. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000999. [PMID: 32759166 PMCID: PMC7409963 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated hepatic fibrosis with bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or impaired glucose regulation (IGR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two cohorts including 46 subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 445 subjects with proton magnetic resonance spectrum-proven NAFLD were enrolled in this study. All subjects were postmenopausal women with T2DM or IGR. BMD at the lumbar spine L1-L4 and hip was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. NAFLD fibrosis stage and NAFLD fibrosis score were used to evaluate the severity of liver fibrosis. RESULTS In subjects with liver biopsy-proven NAFLD, BMD (T-score, Z-score and BMD value) in the advanced fibrosis group were significantly lower than that in the non-advanced fibrosis group (p<0.05). Fibrosis stage was negatively associated with T-score, Z-score and BMD value after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Additionally, fibrosis stage was independently associated with T-score, Z-score and BMD value after adjusting for age, BMI and FPG. These results were validated in a large cohort of 445 subjects. Additionally, bone metabolism-associated factors, including calcium and phosphate, were associated with liver fibrosis, indicating that bone metabolism may play a critical role in the association between liver fibrosis and BMD. Mechanically, parathyroid hormone and biomarkers of bone formation (osteocalcin and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide) and bone resorption (procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide β special sequence) were increased in subjects with advanced liver fibrosis than in subjects without advanced liver fibrosis, indicating that liver fibrosis decreased BMD probably via increasing bone turnover. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD-associated hepatic fibrosis was negatively associated with decreased BMD in postmenopausal women with T2DM or IGR. Liver fibrosis decreased BMD probably via increasing bone turnover. Severe liver fibrosis may represent high risk for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with T2DM or IGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxia Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Physical Activity-Dependent Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium-Phosphorous Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155388. [PMID: 32751307 PMCID: PMC7432834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates. Exercise also affects bone and mineral metabolism, particularly calcium and phosphate, both of which are essential for muscle contraction, neuromuscular signaling, biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and other energy substrates. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Understanding the effects of exercise on PTH secretion is fundamental for appreciating how the body adapts to exercise. Altered PTH metabolism underlies hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, the complications of which affect the organs involved in calcium and phosphorous metabolism (bone and kidney) and other body systems as well. Exercise affects PTH expression and secretion by altering the circulating levels of calcium and phosphate. In turn, PTH responds directly to exercise and exercise-induced myokines. Here, we review the main concepts of the regulation of PTH expression and secretion under physiological conditions, in acute and chronic exercise, and in relation to PTH-related disorders.
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Al-Suhaimi EA, Al-Jafary MA. Endocrine roles of vitamin K-dependent- osteocalcin in the relation between bone metabolism and metabolic disorders. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:117-125. [PMID: 31761961 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are important metabolic diseases and a major public health problem among the world, they have serious health and economic complications. Overweight and obesity are increased risk for deficiency of vitamin particularly shortage of fat soluble-vitamins. Studies reported that vitamin K supplementation reduces oxidative stress and metabolic risk biomarkers for diabetes, as well as reduces progression of insulin resistance. Vitamin K-dependent-protein osteocalcin (bone derived hormone) plays crucial roles in energy metabolism. There is a clear association between circulating vitamin k and dependent-osteocalcin concentrations with obesity and risk of Type 2 diabetes. Osteocalcin through molecular mechanisms improves insulin resistance, lipid and glucose profile, and mediate vitamin K positive effects. Insulin also signals osteocalcin to regulate bone mineralization. Normal carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins/ hormones is a key step in preventing apoptosis and calcification of vascular endothelial cells. A missing relationship between bone, glucose and fat metabolism could clarify and manage many metabolic mechanisms. This review focuses on the physiological relationship between vitamin K-dependent-osteocalcin, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through some molecular proteins and hormones including adipokines. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of osteocalcin modulated by vitamin K could help in implementing therapeutic drugs to cure metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Abdullah Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Meneerah Abdulrahman Al-Jafary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Merritt CE. Comparison of 14 body size variables on adult skeletal age methods: how body mass, BMI, fat and muscle influence age estimations. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 47:32-41. [PMID: 31868026 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1704872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Skeletal age estimations consistently under-age individuals with low body mass and over-age individuals with high body mass.Aim: To assess the directional biases of body size variables, including fat and muscle tissue, on skeletal age estimates.Subjects and methods: CT scans of 420 age- and size-selected cadavers were assessed using the fourth rib and pubic symphysis age estimation methods. MANCOVA was used to test the effects of stature, body mass, circumference, and fat and muscle tissue area on age estimation biases.Results: For both methods, there were biases based on body mass, BMI, circumference and fat tissue area. Individuals with the lowest measurements for these variables were under-aged while individuals with the highest measurements were over-aged. Age estimation biases were not affected by stature, muscle area, or skeletal measurements of bi-iliac breadth, femoral head diameter, or femoral length.Conclusion: Increased body mass, and specifically fat tissue, accelerates skeletal ageing. Increased muscle area generally did not show a protective effect on skeletal ageing. The accuracy of age estimations would be improved by factoring in body mass. However, femoral head diameter and bi-iliac breadth are not good proxies for body mass. Osteological markers of obesity offer a promising new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Merritt
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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30
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van der Spoel E, van Vliet NA, van Heemst D. Viewpoint on the role of tissue maintenance in ageing: focus on biomarkers of bone, cartilage, muscle, and brain tissue maintenance. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 56:100964. [PMID: 31561015 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Specific hallmarks are thought to underlie the ageing process and age-related functional decline. In this viewpoint, we put forward the hypothesis that disturbances in the process of tissue maintenance are an important common denominator that may lie in between specific hallmarks of ageing (i.e. damage and responses to damage) and their ultimate (patho)physiological consequences (i.e. functional decline and age-related disease). As a first step towards verifying or falsifying this hypothesis, it will be important to measure biomarkers of tissue maintenance in future studies in different study populations. The main aim of the current paper is to discuss potential biomarkers of tissue maintenance that could be used in such future studies. Among the many tissues that could have been chosen to explore our hypothesis, to keep the paper manageable, we chose to focus on a selected number of tissues, namely bone, cartilage, muscle, and the brain, which are important for mobility and cognition and affected in several common age-related diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and limitations of potential biomarkers for use in (pre)clinical studies. The proposed biomarkers should be validated in future research, for example by measuring these in humans with different rates of ageing.
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Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Patients with Bronchiectasis: Association with Respiratory Parameters, Body Composition, Muscle Strength and Bone Remodeling Biomarkers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14496. [PMID: 31601899 PMCID: PMC6787189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis has not been sufficiently studied in people with bronchiectasis not due to cystic fibrosis (BC), nor has its relationship with other variables (clinical, body composition and bone turnover and inflammation markers) been sufficiently studied. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis and related factors in patients with BC. We did a cross-sectional study in people with BC in a clinically stable state. Spirometric parameters, annual exacerbations and analysis with bone turnover markers (BTM) and inflammation markers were evaluated. Densitometry (DXA) was performed for body composition, bone mineral density (BMD) and handgrip strength. 123 patients were studied (65% women, mean age 49.6 ± 18.8, Body Mass Index (BMI) 24.8 ± 4.7 kg/m2). 62.8% and 62.5% of men and women, respectively, had normal bone mineral density, 30.2% and 22.2% osteopenia and 7% and 15% osteoporosis. 52 patients (56.2%) had low fat-free mass: 68.9% women and 28.6% men. Patients with decreased bone mass had significantly lower muscle strength, maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%), vitamin D, higher levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and total osteocalcin and underarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC). We observed significant and negative correlations between BMD and the number of serious exacerbations per year CTX and undercarboxylated osteocalcin. We observed significant positive correlations between BMD, fat free mass index (FFMI) and handgrip dynamometry. The study suggest that the prevalence of osteoporosis was high in relation to the demographic characteristics. Respiratory parameters, body composition, muscle strength and bone remodeling markers were associated with a lower bone mineral density.
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Guerra JM, Hanes MA, Rasa C, Loganathan N, Innis-Whitehouse W, Gutierrez E, Nair S, Banu J. Modulation of bone turnover by Cissus quadrangularis after ovariectomy in rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:780-795. [PMID: 30756174 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In women, age-related bone loss is associated with increased risk of bone fracture. Existing therapies are associated with severe side effects; thus, there is a need to find alternative medicines with less or optimal side effects. Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), an Ayurvedic medicine used to enhance fracture healing, was tested for its bone protective properties and studied to discern the mechanism by which it is beneficial to bone. Female Sprague Dawley rats were either sham operated or ovariectomized and were fed CQ for 3 months. Several biochemical markers, cytokines and hormones were assayed. Femur, tibia and lumbar vertebrae were subjected to pQCT and µCT densitometry. MC3T3 cells were cultured, treated with CQ and used to analyze miRNA content and subjected to qPCR for gene expression analysis related to bone metabolism. CQO rats showed protected bone mass and microarchitecture of trabecular bone in the distal femoral metaphysis and the proximal tibial metaphysis. The lumbar vertebrae, however, showed no significant changes. Serum protein expression levels of P1NP increased and Trap5b and CTX levels decreased with in vivo CQ treatment. Some influence on the anti- and pro-inflammatory markers was also observed. Significantly high level of estradiol in the CQO rats was observed. In vitro expression of a few genes related to bone metabolism showed that osteocalcin increased significantly. The other genes-collagen I expression, SPP1, BMP2, DCAT1-decreased significantly. Certain miRNA that regulate bone turnover using the BMP pathway and Wnt signaling pathways were upregulated by CQ. qPCR after acute treatment with CQ showed significantly increased levels of osteocalcin and decreased levels of Wnt/β catenin antagonist DCAT1. Overall, CQ protected the microarchitecture of the long bones from ovariectomy-induced bone loss. This may be because of decreased inflammation and modulation through the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways. We conclude that CQ is a potential therapeutic agent to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis with no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Guerra
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr., Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr., Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Martha A Hanes
- Department of Lab Animal Resources, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Cordelia Rasa
- Department of Lab Animal Resources, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | | | - Wendy Innis-Whitehouse
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Ednia Gutierrez
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr., Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Saraswathy Nair
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr., Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Jameela Banu
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr., Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201, W University Dr., Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
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33
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Exercise-Dependent Modulation of Bone Metabolism and Bone Endocrine Function: New Findings and Therapeutic Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-019-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Inal Kabala S, Yagar H, Ozcan HM. A new biosensor for osteoporosis detection. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:511-520. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1587628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevilay Inal Kabala
- Health Services Vocational High School, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey
| | - Hulya Yagar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Mevlut Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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35
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van der Spoel E, Oei N, Cachucho R, Roelfsema F, Berbée JFP, Blauw GJ, Pijl H, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, van Heemst D. The 24-hour serum profiles of bone markers in healthy older men and women. Bone 2019; 120:61-69. [PMID: 30291970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The process of bone turnover displays variations over 24 h, with C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and osteocalcin exhibiting a nadir in the afternoon and a peak in the night. In contrast, N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) did not display an apparent 24-hour rhythm. Other emerging novel biomarkers of bone, sclerostin and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), are markers of osteocyte activity with limited data available regarding their 24-hour profiles. In this study, we aimed to extend available data on 24-hour profiles of CTX, osteocalcin, and P1NP and to assess the 24-hour profiles of sclerostin and DKK1 in healthy older men and women and to compare these between men and women. We measured these five bone markers in EDTA plasma collected every 4 h during 24 h in 37 healthy older men and women (range 52-76 years). Differences between time points were determined using repeated measures ANOVA and cosinor analyses were performed to determine circadian rhythmicity. The circadian rhythm of CTX was confirmed by the cosinor model, with women showing larger amplitude compared to men. Osteocalcin showed higher levels during nighttime compared to daytime in both men and women. For P1NP levels we observed a small but significant increase in the night in men. Sclerostin and DKK1 did not show a circadian rhythm, but sclerostin levels differed between time points. Because of the large intraindividual variation, DKK1 as measured in this study cannot be considered a reliable marker for diagnostic or research purposes. In conclusion, when measuring CTX, osteocalcin, P1NP, or sclerostin either in clinical practice or in a research setting, one should consider the 24-hour profiles of these bone markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie van der Spoel
- Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Oei
- Department of Developmental Psychology (ADAPT-lab), Institute of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Cachucho
- Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Section Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Section Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Section Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Blauw
- Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Section Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Section Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Solakoglu Ö, Götz W, Kiessling MC, Alt C, Schmitz C, Alt EU. Improved guided bone regeneration by combined application of unmodified, fresh autologous adipose derived regenerative cells and plasma rich in growth factors: A first-in-human case report and literature review. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:124-146. [PMID: 30842809 PMCID: PMC6397807 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel strategies are needed for improving guided bone regeneration (GBR) in oral surgery prior to implant placement, particularly in maxillary sinus augmentation (GBR-MSA) and in lateral alveolar ridge augmentation (LRA). This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of freshly isolated, unmodified autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs), fraction 2 of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-2) and an osteoinductive scaffold (OIS) (UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS) is superior to the combination of PRGF-2 and the same OIS alone (PRGF-2/OIS) in GBR-MSA/LRA. CASE SUMMARY A 79-year-old patient was treated with a bilateral external sinus lift procedure as well as a bilateral lateral alveolar ridge augmentation. GBR-MSA/LRA was performed with UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS on the right side, and with PRGF-2/OIS on the left side. Biopsies were collected at 6 wk and 34 wk after GBR-MSA/LRA. At the latter time point implants were placed. Radiographs (32 mo follow-up time) demonstrated excellent bone healing. No radiological or histological signs of inflammation were observed. Detailed histologic, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsies evidenced that UA-ADRC/PRGF-2/OIS resulted in better and faster bone regeneration than PRGF-2/OIS. CONCLUSION GBR-MSA with UA-ADRCs, PRGF-2, and an OIS shows effectiveness without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Solakoglu
- External Visiting Lecturer, Dental Department of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- Clinic for Periodontology and Implantology, Hamburg 22453, Germany.
| | - Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn 53111, Germany
| | - Maren C Kiessling
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Eckhard U Alt
- InGeneron GmbH, Munich 80331, Germany
- InGeneron, Inc., Houston, TX 77054, United States
- Isar Klinikum Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
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Horiguchi S, Adachi T, Rondinella A, Boschetto F, Marin E, Zhu W, Tahara Y, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Akiyoshi K, Pezzotti G, Mazda O. Osteogenic response of mesenchymal progenitor cells to natural polysaccharide nanogel and atelocollagen scaffolds: A spectroscopic study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1325-1340. [PMID: 30889667 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A natural polysaccharide scaffold, referred to as "freeze-dry nanogel-crosslinked-porous" (FD-NanoCliP) gel, was tested in comparison with an atelocollagen scaffold with respect to osteogenesis versus the mouse mesenchymal progenitor cell line KUSA-A1. The amphiphilic polysaccharide network, engineered in its structure to fit chemically crosslinked nanogels as building blocks into a physically crosslinked porous gel, revealed a superior osteointegrative performance as compared to the soluble atelocollagen network and a peculiar c-plane orientation growth of apatite crystallites, which resembled the structure of natural enamel. Besides evaluating osteogenesis in the FD-NanoCliP gel scaffold, an additional purpose of this study was to assess its chemical composition at the nanoscale and, through its knowledge, to interpret the osteogenic response of mesenchymal cells. In addition to conventional (optical and electron) microscopy and biological evaluation kits, the peculiar chemistry of the FD-NanoCliP gel scaffold and the formation of apatite on it were characterized by means of several independent analytical probes at the molecular scale, which included Raman, cathodoluminescence, energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies. This body of information consistently provided evidence for a peculiar chemistry developed in osteogenesis at the polysaccharide scaffold surface. Such chemistry is not available in soluble atelocollagen and it is key in the superior bioactivity found in the polysaccharide network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Horiguchi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alfredo Rondinella
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Tahara
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and ERATO Bio-nanotransporter Project, Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and ERATO Bio-nanotransporter Project, Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Lombardi G, Ziemann E, Banfi G. Physical Activity and Bone Health: What Is the Role of Immune System? A Narrative Review of the Third Way. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:60. [PMID: 30792697 PMCID: PMC6374307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue can be seen as a physiological hub of several stimuli of different origin (e.g., dietary, endocrine, nervous, immune, skeletal muscle traction, biomechanical load). Their integration, at the bone level, results in: (i) changes in mineral and protein composition and microarchitecture and, consequently, in shape and strength; (ii) modulation of calcium and phosphorous release into the bloodstream, (iii) expression and release of hormones and mediators able to communicate the current bone status to the rest of the body. Different stimuli are able to act on either one or, as usual, more levels. Physical activity is the key stimulus for bone metabolism acting in two ways: through the biomechanical load which resolves into a direct stimulation of the segment(s) involved and through an indirect load mediated by muscle traction onto the bone, which is the main physiological stimulus for bone formation, and the endocrine stimulation which causes homeostatic adaptation. The third way, in which physical activity is able to modify bone functions, passes through the immune system. It is known that immune function is modulated by physical activity; however, two recent insights have shed new light on this modulation. The first relies on the discovery of inflammasomes, receptors/sensors of the innate immunity that regulate caspase-1 activation and are, hence, the tissue triggers of inflammation in response to infections and/or stressors. The second relies on the ability of certain tissues, and particularly skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, to synthesize and secrete mediators (namely, myokines and adipokines) able to affect, profoundly, the immune function. Physical activity is known to act on both these mechanisms and, hence, its effects on bone are also mediated by the immune system activation. Indeed, that immune system and bone are tightly connected and inflammation is pivotal in determining the bone metabolic status is well-known. The aim of this narrative review is to give a complete view of the exercise-dependent immune system-mediated effects on bone metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Lombardi
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates phosphate/pyrophosphate regulatory genes in stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 30526676 PMCID: PMC6288970 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates maintenance of stemness and modulation of osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Mineralization in the bones and teeth is in part controlled by pericellular levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), a component of hydroxyapatite, and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of mineralization. The progressive ankylosis protein (gene ANKH; protein ANKH) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1/ENPP1) increase PPi and inhibit mineralization, while tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL; TNAP) is a critical pro-mineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes PPi. We hypothesized that regulation by bFGF of mineralization in SHEDs occurs by modulation of Pi/PPi-associated genes. Methods Cells were isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and characterized for mesenchymal stem cell characteristics. Cells were treated with bFGF, and the osteogenic differentiation ability was determined. The mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mineralization was examined using alizarin red S staining. Results Cells isolated from primary teeth expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers, CD44, CD90, and CD105, and were able to differentiate into osteo/odontogenic and adipogenic lineages. Addition of 10 ng/ml bFGF to SHEDs during in vitro osteo/odontogenic differentiation decreased ALPL mRNA expression and ALP enzyme activity, increased ANKH mRNA, and decreased both Pi/PPi ratio and mineral deposition. Effects of bFGF on ALPL and ANKH expression were detected within 24 h. Addition of 20 mM fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor SU5402 revealed the necessity of FGFR-mediated signaling, and inclusion of 1 μg/ml cyclohexamide (CHX) implicated the necessity of protein synthesis for effects on ALPL and ANKH. Addition of exogenous 10 μm PPi inhibited mineralization and increased ANKH, collagen type 1a1 (COL1A1), and osteopontin (SPP1) mRNA, while addition of exogenous Pi increased mineralization and osterix (OSX), ANKH, SPP1, and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) mRNA. The effects of PPi and Pi on mineralization could be replicated by short-term 3- and 7-day treatments, suggesting signaling effects in addition to physicochemical regulation of mineral deposition. Conclusion This study reveals for the first time the effects of bFGF on Pi/PPi regulators in SHEDs and implicates these factors in how bFGF directs osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization by these cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1093-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Sodium butyrate has anti-proliferative, pro-differentiating, and immunomodulatory effects in osteosarcoma cells and counteracts the TNFα-induced low-grade inflammation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:394632017752240. [PMID: 29363375 PMCID: PMC5849245 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017752240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, an essential factor for colonocytes and regulator in the development of
colon cancer, is partially absorbed by the gut. It influences the proliferation
and differentiation of several cell types including osteoblasts. We evaluated
the effects of different doses of butyrate on differentiation and functionality
of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and the expression of a pro-inflammatory
phenotype in a normal or inflammatory environment. SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells
were induced to differentiate and contemporarily treated for 24 h, 48 h, or
7 days with sodium butyrate 10−4, 5 × 10−4, or
10−3 M in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNFα) 1 ng/mL, a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Despite the mild effects on
proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity, butyrate dose- and
time-dependently induced the expression of a differentiated phenotype (RUNX2,
COL1A1 gene expression, and osteopontin gene and protein expression). This was
associated with a partial inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
activation and the induction of histone deacetylase 1 expression. The net effect
was the expression of an anti-inflammatory phenotype and the increase in the
osteoprotegerin-to-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)
ratio. Moreover, butyrate, especially at the highest dose, counteracted the
effects of the pro-inflammatory stimulus of TNFα 1 ng/mL. Butyrate affects
osteosarcoma cell metabolism by anticipating the expression of a differentiated
phenotype and by inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perego
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,2 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Sayardoust S, Omar O, Norderyd O, Thomsen P. Implant-associated gene expression in the jaw bone of smokers and nonsmokers: A human study using quantitative qPCR. Clin Oral Implants Res 2018; 29:937-953. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shariel Sayardoust
- Department of Biomaterials; Institute of Clinical Sciences; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Periodontology; Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education; Jönköping Sweden
| | - Omar Omar
- Department of Biomaterials; Institute of Clinical Sciences; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ola Norderyd
- Department of Periodontology; Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education; Jönköping Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials; Institute of Clinical Sciences; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Vitamin K and Bone Metabolism: A Review of the Latest Evidence in Preclinical Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4629383. [PMID: 30050932 PMCID: PMC6040265 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4629383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active tissue that renews itself throughout one's life. Cytokines along with several hormonal, nutritional, and growth factors are involved in tightly regulated bone remodeling. Accordingly, vitamin K as a multifunctional vitamin has been recently deemed appreciable as a topic of research as it plays a pivotal role in maintenance of the bone strength, and it has been proved to have a positive impact on the bone metabolism. Vitamin K exerts its anabolic effect on the bone turnover in different ways such as promoting osteoblast differentiation, upregulating transcription of specific genes in osteoblasts, and activating the bone-associated vitamin k dependent proteins which play critical roles in extracellular bone matrix mineralization. There is also credible evidence to support the effects of vitamin k2 on differentiation of other mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblast. The main objective of the present paper is to comprehensively outline the preclinical studies on the properties of vitamin K and its effects on the bone metabolism. The evidence could shed light on further clinical studies to improve osteogenesis in bone graft surgeries.
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Sansoni V, Perego S, Vernillo G, Barbuti A, Merati G, La Torre A, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Effects of repeated sprints training on fracture risk-associated miRNA. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18029-18040. [PMID: 29719588 PMCID: PMC5915055 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated-sprint training (RS, short-duration sprints at supramaximal intensities interspersed with brief recoveries) is a time-saving metabolically effective strategy whose effects on bone are unknown. Bone metabolism is a finely regulated process profoundly affected by exercise as assayable by studying specific systemic (e.g., hormones, cytokines) and bone-derived molecules (e.g., bone markers, miRNAs). Aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 8-week repeated-sprint on circulating levels of fracture risk-associated miRNA. Blood was collected from 9 subjects performing RS 3 times/week (EXP) and 9 age-matched inactive controls (CTRL) before the start of the protocol (T0) and after 4 (T1) and 8 weeks (T2). The relative expression of miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR93-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-637 was assayed by real-time PCR by the 2−ΔΔCT method (housekeeping: miR-425-5p, miR-484). Serum concentrations of bone markers (DKK1, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin), cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα), and metabolic hormones (leptin, insulin, PTH) were assayed by multiplex assay. miR-637 and miR-124-3p were undetectable. In CTRL miRNA levels remained unchanged. In EXP miR-21-5p remained unchanged. Compared to T0 miR-23a-3p and miR-24-3p were significantly decreased at T1 and T2, also compared to CTRL, miR-100 was significantly decreased at T2, miR-122-5p, miR-125-5p, and miR148a-3p were significantly decreased at T1, while miR-93-5p was significantly increased at T1. None of the metabolic hormones was affected by the intervention while, among the bone markers, DKK1, osteocalcin and sclerostin were slightly but significantly decreased. In conclusion, an 8-week repeated-sprint training downregulates the expression of circulating miRNA associated with fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Medicina Molecolare e Biofisica Applicata, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Lian F, Zhao C, Qu J, Lian Y, Cui Y, Shan L, Yan J. Icariin attenuates titanium particle-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization via miR-21-5p. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:931-939. [PMID: 29500883 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of bone regeneration by wear debris is the main cause of peri-prosthetic osteolysis. Here, we investigated the effect of icariin on cell proliferation, apoptosis, osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization of osteoblasts in an in vitro model of titanium (Ti) particle-induced osteolysis. In the present study, MC3T3-E1 cells were pretreated with 10-8 M icariin for 4 h and then incubated with Ti particles (0.1 mg/mL). The results showed that Ti particles inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas icariin pretreatment blocked the effect of Ti particles. In addition, we found that icariin stimulation alone increased ALP activity, accelerated matrix mineralization and upregulated the levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN) and miR-21-5p; whereas, Ti particles alone exerted the opposite effects. Icariin partly reversed the effect of Ti particles on cell differentiation and mineralization. Twenty hours after transfection with antagomiR-21-5p or antagomiR-NC, the cells were pretreated with icariin for 4 h and then incubated with Ti particles. Further studies showed that partial knockdown of miR-21-5p abolished the promotion effect of icariin on osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in Ti particle-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. In conclusion, miR-21-5p may be a potential pro-osteogenesis regulator and icariin may protect against Ti particle-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization through upregulation of miR-21-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyun Lian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shan
- Department of Outpatient, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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Bilotta FL, Arcidiacono B, Messineo S, Greco M, Chiefari E, Britti D, Nakanishi T, Foti DP, Brunetti A. Insulin and osteocalcin: further evidence for a mutual cross-talk. Endocrine 2018; 59:622-632. [PMID: 28866834 PMCID: PMC5847166 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the last few years, bone has been recognized as an endocrine organ that modulates glucose metabolism by secretion of osteocalcin, an osteoblast-specific hormone, that influences fat deposition and blood sugar levels. To date, however, very few in vitro models have been developed to investigate, at the molecular levels, the relationship between glucose, insulin and osteocalcin. This study aims at covering this gap. METHODS We studied osteogenic differentiation, osteocalcin gene expression, and osteblast-mediated insulin secretion, using cultured MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells that underwent glucotoxicity and insulin resistance. In addition, we investigated whether a correlation existed between hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance and total osteocalcin serum concentrations in patients. RESULTS While insulin and low glucose increased osteocalcin gene expression, disruption of insulin signaling in MG-63 osteoblasts and high glucose concentration in cell culture medium decreased osteocalcin gene transcription and reduced osteogenic differentiation. Concomitantly, insulin secretion was significantly impaired in rat INS-1 β-cells treated with conditioned medium from insulin resistant MG-63 cells or cells exposed to high glucose concentrations. Also, chronic hyperglycemia, but not insulin resistance, inversely correlated with circulating osteocalcin levels in patients. CONCLUSION Our results further support the existence of an endocrine axis between bone, where osteocalcin is produced, and pancreatic β-cells, and add new insights into the molecular details of this relationship. These findings may contribute to the understanding of osteocalcin regulation and its role in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco L Bilotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Biagio Arcidiacono
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Messineo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Greco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eusebio Chiefari
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniela P Foti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Papageorgiou M, Dolan E, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. Reduced energy availability: implications for bone health in physically active populations. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:847-859. [PMID: 28721562 PMCID: PMC5861178 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present review critically evaluates existing literature on the effects of short- and long-term low energy availability (EA) on bone metabolism and health in physically active individuals. Methods We reviewed the literature on the short-term effects of low EA on markers of bone metabolism and the long-term effects of low EA on outcomes relating to bone health (bone mass, microarchitecture and strength, bone metabolic markers and stress fracture injury risk) in physically active individuals. Results Available evidence indicates that short-term low EA may increase markers of bone resorption and decrease markers of bone formation in physically active women. Bone metabolic marker responses to low EA are less well known in physically active men. Cross-sectional studies investigating the effects of long-term low EA suggest that physically active individuals who have low EA present with lower bone mass, altered bone metabolism (favouring bone resorption), reduced bone strength and increased risk for stress fracture injuries. Conclusions Reduced EA has a negative influence on bone in both the short- and long-term, and every effort should be made to reduce its occurrence in physically active individuals. Future interventions are needed to explore the effects of long-term reduced EA on bone health outcomes, while short-term low EA studies are also required to give insight into the pathophysiology of bone alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papageorgiou
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
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Effects of Exercise on Bone Status in Female Subjects, from Young Girls to Postmenopausal Women: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Sports Med 2017; 46:1165-82. [PMID: 26856338 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis and postmenopausal bone loss pose a huge social and economic burden worldwide. Regular exercise and physical activity are effective interventions for maximizing or maintaining peak bone mass and preventing bone loss in the elderly; however, most recommendations are addressed to the general public and lack specific indications for girls and women, the segment of the population most at risk for developing osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was to summarize current evidence for the effects of exercise and physical activity interventions on bone status in girls and women, and to explore whether specific exercise programs exist for improving or maintaining bone mass or bone strength in females. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from January 2009, updated to 22 June 2015, using the following groups of search terms: (i) 'physical activity' and 'exercise'; and (ii) 'bone', 'bone health', 'bone strength', 'bone structure', 'bone metabolism', 'bone turnover', and 'bone biomarkers'. Searches and screening were limited to systematic reviews or meta-analyses of studies in females and published in English. Our final analysis included 12 articles that met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Combined-impact exercise protocols (impact exercise with resistance training) are the best choice to preserve/improve bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women. Peak bone mass in young girls can be improved with short bouts of school-based high-impact plyometric exercise programs. Whole-body vibration exercises have no beneficial effects on bone in postmenopausal or elderly women. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Lifelong exercise, specific for age, is an effective way to sustain bone health in girls and women.
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Lombardi G, Barbaro M, Locatelli M, Banfi G. Novel bone metabolism-associated hormones: the importance of the pre-analytical phase for understanding their physiological roles. Endocrine 2017; 56:460-484. [PMID: 28181144 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine function of bone is now a recognized feature of this tissue. Bone-derived hormones that modulate whole-body homeostasis, are being discovered as for the effects on bone of novel and classic hormones produced by other tissues become known. Often, however, the data regarding these last generation bone-derived or bone-targeting hormones do not give about a clear picture of their physiological roles or concentration ranges. A certain degree of uncertainty could stem from differences in the pre-analytical management of biological samples. The pre-analytical phase comprises a series of decisions and actions (i.e., choice of sample matrix, methods of collection, transportation, treatment and storage) preceding analysis. Errors arising in this phase will inevitably be carried over to the analytical phase where they can reduce the measurement accuracy, ultimately, leading discrepant results. While the pre-analytical phase is all important, in routine laboratory medicine, it is often not given due consideration in research and clinical trials. This is particularly true for novel molecules, such as the hormones regulating the endocrine function of bone. In this review we discuss the importance of the pre-analytical variables affecting the measurement of last generation bone-associated hormones and describe their, often debated and rarely clear physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mosè Barbaro
- Laboratory Medicine Service, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus occurring in patients with Cushing disease (CD). RECENT FINDINGS Insulin resistance and impairment in insulin secretion are both involved in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes. Correction of glucocorticoid excess does not always resolve abnormalities of glucose homeostasis, and correction of hyperglycaemia is specifically required. In fact, insulin resistance may persist even after correction of glucocorticoid excess and diabetes needs to be treated for long term. On the other hand, emerging drugs used in the treatment of CD, such as the novel somatostatin analog pasireotide, may have direct effects on glucose homeostasis regardless of control of cortisol excess. Diabetes mellitus is a frequent and early complication of CD with important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Specifically, diagnosis of CD in patients with diabetes may be difficult due to potential misinterpretation of markers of cortisol hypersecretion. Moreover, diabetes mellitus is often difficult to be controlled in CD requiring a careful and dedicated therapeutic approach. Finally, the coexistence of diabetes may influence the therapeutic decision making in CD, since drugs used in this setting may variably influence glucose homeostasis regardless of control of hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazziotti
- Endocrinology Unit, ASST Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy
| | - A M Formenti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - S Frara
- Vita-Salute University San Raffaele Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Maffezzoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Doga
- Vita-Salute University San Raffaele Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Giustina
- Vita-Salute University San Raffaele Milan, Milan, Italy.
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50
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Sansoni V, Vernillo G, Perego S, Barbuti A, Merati G, Schena F, La Torre A, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Bone turnover response is linked to both acute and established metabolic changes in ultra-marathon runners. Endocrine 2017; 56:196-204. [PMID: 27422791 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone and energy metabolisms regulation depends on a two-way street aimed at regulating energy utilization. Mountain ultra-marathons are highly demanding aerobic performances that deeply affect the whole body homeostasis. In this study we aimed to investigate and characterize the metabolic profile (in terms of hormones involved in energy metabolism), the inflammatory adipokines, and the bone turnover; in particular the osteocalcin-mediated response has been compared in experienced mountain ultra-marathons runners versus control subjects. Serum concentrations of specific markers of bone turnover (pro-collagen type I N-terminal propeptide, carboxylated/undercarboxylated osteocalcin), measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and metabolic hormones (C-peptide, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide, gastric-inhibitory peptide, ghrelin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin), measured by fluorescent-based multiplex assay, were compared before and after a 65 km mountain ultra-marathons in 17 trained runners and 12 age-matched controls characterized by a low physical activity profile. After the mountain ultra-marathons, runners experienced a reduction in pro-collagen type I N-terminal propeptide, though it remained higher than in controls; while carboxylated osteocalcin remained unchanged. Among the metabolic hormones, only glucagon and leptin were different between runners and controls at rest. C-peptide and leptin decreased after the mountain ultra-marathons in runners; while glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, resistin, and visfatin were all increased. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (and uncarboxylated/carboxylated osteocalcin ratio) was decreased and this highly correlated with insulin and C-peptide levels. In conditions of high energy expenditure, homeostasis is maintained at expenses of bone metabolism. Changes in the uncarboxylated osteocalcin clearly mark the global energy needs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CeRiSM, Research Centre "Sport, Mountain and Health", University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre for Molecular Medicine and Applied Biophysics (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Research Centre "Sport, Mountain and Health", University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
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