1
|
Wei W, Cai Z, Ding J, Fares S, Patel A, Khosa F. Organizational Leadership Gender Differences in Medical Schools and Affiliated Universities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:662-670. [PMID: 38061046 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare gender compositions in the leadership of the top 25 medical schools in North America with the leadership of their affiliated university senior leadership and other faculties. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional observational study used publicly available gender data from 2018 to 2019 of universities drawn from the U.S. News Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine Ranking report. Gender compositions in eight leadership tiers from senior leadership to medical school department directors were analyzed. Data analysis included gender compositions by leadership tier and faculty. Results: Male representation is greater at higher leadership tiers, with the largest imbalance being at the level of medical school department heads. The faculty of medicine has more men in leadership positions than the average of the other faculties (p = 0.02), though similar to schools of engineering, business, dentistry, and pharmacy. Across the eight leadership tiers, a significant trend exists between tier and proportions, indicating that male representation was greater at higher tiers (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between a university's leadership gender composition and its ranking. Conclusion: The under-representation of women is greater in medical school leadership than the leadership of their affiliated universities. The faculty of medicine has greater male over-representation than the average of the other faculties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Wei
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhenglun Cai
- Department of Statistics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amy Patel
- Department of Radiology, The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malek R, Shibli-Rahhal A, Correa R, Szmuilowicz ED, Morgan F, Luthra P, Sirisena I, Gianoukakis A, Praw SS, Lieb DC, Haw JS, Mayson SE. An Assessment of Diversity, Inclusion, and Health Equity Training in Endocrinology Fellowship Programs in the United States. Endocr Pract 2022; 28:1159-1165. [PMID: 35985561 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ACGME has instituted common program requirements related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) for post-graduate trainees in the United States; however, the extent to which DEI training is being incorporated across endocrinology fellowship programs is unknown. OBJECTIVES Describe the socio-demographic representation, and DEI training experiences within endocrinology fellowship programs. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS National cross-sectional survey study of fellows and fellowship program leaders in the United States whose fellowships were members of the Association of Program Directors in Endocrinology and Metabolism (APDEM). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 1) Demographics of fellows and program leaders. 2) Programs' experience, confidence, and interest in formal DEI training. RESULTS A total of 108 and 106 fellow and faculty respectively responded to the survey, respectively. The majority of fellows and faculty are female. Less than 3% of fellows and 3.7% of faculty identify as Black. More than 90% of fellows/faculty are heterosexual and no respondents identified as transgender/non-binary; however, 5% and 2% of all respondents preferred not to disclose their sexual orientation and gender identity, respectively. While 85% of faculty received institutional diversity and inclusion training, 67.6% of fellows did. Fellows are more likely to have received training in health equity than program leaders. Both fellows and program leaders express a high interest in health equity curriculum. CONCLUSIONS Within the diversity of endocrinology training programs, Black physicians are under-represented in medicine, which persists in endocrinology fellowships. Fellowship programs express enthusiasm for national diversity and health equity curricula with the majority of programs reporting institutional DEI training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Malek
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Amal Shibli-Rahhal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Ricardo Correa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Emily D Szmuilowicz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Farah Morgan
- Division of Endocrinology, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ
| | - Pooja Luthra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Imali Sirisena
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew Gianoukakis
- The Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephanie Smooke Praw
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David C Lieb
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Conditions, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA
| | - J Sonya Haw
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah E Mayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salem V, Hirani D, Lloyd C, Regan L, Peters CJ. Why are women still leaving academic medicine? A qualitative study within a London Medical School. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057847. [PMID: 35672065 PMCID: PMC9174775 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors that influenced women who chose to leave academic medicine. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Independent consultants led a focus group of women in medicine who had left academia after completion of their postgraduate research degree at Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. Thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed conversations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Nine women physicians who completed a postgraduate degree (MD or PhD) at a large London Medical School and Academic Health Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, but did not go on to pursue a career in academic medicine. RESULTS Influences to leave clinical academia were summarised under eight themes-career intentions, supervisor support, institutional human resources support, inclusivity, work-life balance, expectations, mentors and role models, and pregnancy and maternity leave. CONCLUSION The women in our focus group reported several factors contributing to their decision to leave clinical academia, which included lack of mentoring tailored to specific needs, low levels of acceptance for flexible working to help meet parental responsibilities and perceived explicit gender biases. We summarise the multiple targeted strategies that Imperial College London has implemented to promote retention of women in academic medicine, although more research needs to be done to ascertain the most effective interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Salem
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dhruti Hirani
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Lloyd
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Regan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
National Institutes of Health: Gender Differences in Radiology Funding. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:748-754. [PMID: 32893113 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Radiology has traditionally remained one of the most male-dominated specialties, although a higher proportion of women are now beginning to occupy roles as academic radiologists than their male counterparts. The present study investigated trends in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding within Diagnostic Radiology stratified by gender, and correlated with measures of academic output, including h-index. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on funding was obtained from the online NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure and Results for fiscal years 2016-2019, and information regarding each Principal Investigator (PI) was obtained from the Scopus database and departmental websites. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed on collected data for statistical comparison of continuous variables. RESULTS Of the 2929 grants included in this analysis, 1789 (61.07%) were awarded to male PIs and 1140 (38.9%) to female PIs. Among PIs holding a PhD degree, male PIs had a higher mean grant amount ($619,807.00) compared to female PIs ($158,486.00). CONCLUSION Although female representation within academic radiology has been increasing, the mean NIH grants awarded to women is less than that awarded to men. Reasons for this are numerous and may include differential prioritization of career objectives among men and women, although such rationalization is inevitably speculative in nature. Significant gender differences in NIH funding were seen at the PhD level, and the strongest correlation between NIH funding and academic output was observed for the h-index of female PIs. These results underscore the fact that women are ostensibly being held to a higher academic standard than men in terms of funding decisions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shah C, Tiwana MH, Chatterjee S, Jain M, Lemanowicz O, Tiwana S, Fares S, Siddiqi J, Alwazzan AB, Khosa F. Sticky Floor and Glass Ceilings in Academic Medicine: Analysis of Race and Gender. Cureus 2022; 14:e24080. [PMID: 35573585 PMCID: PMC9098106 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This paper examines the changes in the representation of women and racial minorities in academic medicine, compares the proportion of minorities in medicine and the general United States (US) population, and discusses potential explanations for observed trends. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) database was done and used to collect data on the gender and race of physicians in academic medicine. Data was collected for instructors, assistant professors, associate professors, full professors, and chairpersons from 2007 to 2018, and trends were presented. Results White physicians represented most academic physicians at every academic level, peaking in proportion at 82.74% of chairpersons and were lowest at the level of instructor at 59.30%. A similar distribution existed when gender was compared, with men comprising 84.67% of chairpersons and forming the majority at levels of full, associate, and assistant professors. However, most physicians at the level of instructors are women at 55.44%. Conclusions Though women and racial minorities have gained greater representation in academic medicine over the past decade, high-level academic positions are not as accessible to them. Existing efforts of advocacy for women and minority races have proven fruitful over the past decade, but much more work needs to be done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad H Tiwana
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, CAN
- Dentistry, Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Mehr Jain
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CAN
| | - Ola Lemanowicz
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Sabeen Tiwana
- Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Saleh Fares
- Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
- Neurosurgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
- Neurosurgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Ahmed B Alwazzan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maqsood H, Younus S, Naveed S, Ahmad A, Rehman AU, Khosa F. Diversity and Inclusion in Internal Medicine Training Programs: An Unfulfilled Dream. Cureus 2022; 14:e21974. [PMID: 35282514 PMCID: PMC8905998 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Promoting a diversified healthcare force fosters more culturally centered care, expands the approach to high-quality healthcare for poorly served populations, improves patient contentment, and broadens research agendas, all components essential to minimize healthcare imbalances. Our study reviews the trends of gender and racial disparity in Internal Medicine residency programs. Methodology In this retrospective analysis, we extracted data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s annual Data Resource Books from 2007 to 2019. Gender was reported as males and females. Race/ethnicity was cataloged as White/non-Hispanic, Black/non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan, others, and unknown. Results The representation of women increased progressively, with a relative increase of 4.7% from 2007 to 2019. For race/ethnicity, the study period started from the year 2011. When averaged across the eight-year study period, 27% of the study sample were White (non-Hispanic), followed by Asian/Pacific Islanders at 21%. The representation of other races was even lower. For 36.2% of the residents, the racial data were not known and categorized as unknown racial distribution. Conclusions Our study reports that gender and racial/ethnic imbalance persists within the training programs of Internal Medicine. Effectual strategies should be implemented to improve access to care to the underrepresented communities, address physician shortages in different areas of the country, and strengthen our ability to address long-established disparities in healthcare and outcomes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Raven LM, McCormack AI. Female Representation: Australian Diabetes and Endocrinology Societies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:842909. [PMID: 35360065 PMCID: PMC8960257 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.842909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrinology has one of the highest proportions of female specialists and trainees, however females have traditionally been underrepresented in leadership positions and as speakers at scientific meetings. HYPOTHESIS Females would represent less than half of invited speakers (plenary, symposium sessions) at endocrinology conferences and in leadership positions of endocrinology societies. METHOD An audit of Australian diabetes and endocrinology societies and their respective annual scientific meetings between 2016 - 2020. Analysis of the gender of conference speakers across oral, symposium and plenary sessions, session chairs, program organising committees and society committees. RESULTS A total of 1638 speakers (females 856, 52.3%) across 550.4 hours (females 273.6, 49.7%) of presentations at the conferences were identified. Among plenary sessions of all 3 societies there were more male (61%) than female speakers. A total of 608 session chairs were identified, with 313 (51.5%) females. The majority of organising committee members (n=116) were female (56%), however the representation across each organising committee varied. There was a low proportion of society female council members (39% female). CONCLUSION There was an equal representation of females and males as conference speakers and session chairs. However, there was an underrepresentation of women in more prestigious roles of plenary speakers and society council members. We implore conscious efforts to address this disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Raven
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lisa M. Raven,
| | - Ann I. McCormack
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karol DL, Sheriff L, Jalal S, Ding J, Larson AR, Trister R, Khosa F. Gender disparity in dermatologic society leadership: A global perspective. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021; 7:445-450. [PMID: 34621957 PMCID: PMC8484972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last half-century, there has been increased representation of women in medicine. Despite this increase, there continues to be underrepresentation of women in medical leadership positions. The objective of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of gender disparity in the leadership of professional societies of dermatology worldwide. METHODS Online databases were used to extract the names of global dermatologic societies. Individual society websites were accessed to obtain information on executive members. Data not available on society websites were obtained through internet searches. Scopus was used to obtain H-indexes and other bibliometric outcomes. RESULTS Our data collection spanned 92 countries, with 1733 society leaders identified and information available for 1710. In North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East, women were in a minority in dermatology professional society leadership. In South America, Central America, and Africa, women were in a slight majority. Across all professional societies, the role of president was more frequently held by men (n = 95) as opposed to women (n = 75). Female leaders were less likely to hold concurrent academic positions as deans/chairpersons/directors (83.33%) than their male counterparts (92.06%). The median H-index of female leaders (9) was lower than that of men (14). CONCLUSION Gender disparity exists in leadership positions in professional dermatology societies. Cultural/continental specific factors should be explored further. Enhancement of institutional support, mentorship, and sponsorship for female dermatologists should be encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Limor Karol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Sheriff
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison R Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Trister
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Azizi H, Abdellatif W, Nasrullah M, Ali S, Ding J, Khosa F. Leadership gender disparity in the fifty highest ranking North American universities: Thematic analysis under a theoretical lens. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:705-709. [PMID: 37062973 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite changes in the discourse around gender distributions within academic leadership, women continue to be under-represented in academia. Our study aims to identify the extent of gender disparity in the academic leadership in the top 50 North American universities and to critically analyse the contributing factors through a comprehensive theoretical framework. METHODS We adopted the theoretical framework of leadership continuum model. A retrospective analysis of the gender of the leadership ranks was conducted between December 2018 and March 2019 for the top 50 universities in North America (2019 Quacquarelli Symonds World University Ranking system). The leadership hierarchy was classified into six tiers. RESULTS A total of 5806 faculty members from 45 US and five Canadian universities were included. Women were overall less likely to be in a senior leadership role than men (48.7% vs 51.3%; p value=0.05). Women accounted for fewer positions than men for resident/chancellor (23.8% vs 76.2%; p value<0.001), vice-president/vice-chancellor (36.3% vs 63.7%; p value<0.001), vice provost (42.7% vs 57.3%; p value=0.06), dean (38.5% vs 61.5%; p value<0.001) and associate dean (48.2% vs 51.8%; p-value=0.05). Women however were in a greater proportion in the assistant dean positions (63.8% vs 36.2%; p value<0.001). CONCLUSION Leadership gender imbalance is trans-organisational and transnational within the top 50 universities of North America and progressively widens towards the top leadership pyramid. This correlates with the lack of women leadership progress and sustainability in later cycles of the leadership continuum model (beyond assistant dean).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hawmid Azizi
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Waleed Abdellatif
- Department of Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Muazzam Nasrullah
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shozab Ali
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dunne JL, Maizel JL, Posgai AL, Atkinson MA, DiMeglio LA. The Women's Leadership Gap in Diabetes: A Call for Equity and Excellence. Diabetes 2021; 70:1623-1633. [PMID: 35381061 PMCID: PMC8385620 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Women are broadly underrepresented in scientific leadership positions and their accomplishments are not provided equal recognition compared with those of men, but the imbalance in the field of diabetes is unknown. Hence, we analyzed multiple aspects of historical and present-day female representation in the diabetes field.We quantified gender representation at annual American Diabetes Association (ADA) meetings; editorial board service positions for ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) journals; principal investigators for ADA, JDRF, and National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases P30 grant funding; and ADA, JDRF, and EASD award recipients. There are many women in the field of diabetes: registration for the ADA Scientific Sessions has been 43% female since 2016, and for over five decades, women comprised 83% of ADA Presidents of Health Care and Education. Yet, only 9% of ADA Presidents of Medicine and Science have been women. Women were well represented on editorial boards for journals focused on diabetes education (Diabetes Spectrum, 89% female) and primary care (Clinical Diabetes, 49% female) but not for the more academically targeted Diabetes Care (34% female), Diabetes (21% female), and Diabetologia (30% female). Only one-third of ADA Pathway to Stop Diabetes and JDRF grants have been awarded to women, and females only lead 2 of 18 (11%) of the P30-supported Diabetes Research Centers. Finally, only 2-12% of major ADA, JDRF, and EASD awards were given to women, without significant change over time. Despite increasing recognition of gender imbalance in research and medicine, many disparities in the field of diabetes persist. We call for decreasing barriers for advancement of female investigators and creating environments that promote their retention and equitable recognition for their contributions to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Maizel
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Amanda L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Corresponding author: Linda A. DiMeglio, , or Mark A. Atkinson,
| | - Linda A. DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Corresponding author: Linda A. DiMeglio, , or Mark A. Atkinson,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dunne JL, Maizel JL, Posgai AL, Atkinson MA, DiMeglio LA. The Women's Leadership Gap in Diabetes: A Call for Equity and Excellence. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1734-1743. [PMID: 34131045 DOI: 10.2337/dci21-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women are broadly underrepresented in scientific leadership positions and their accomplishments are not provided equal recognition compared with those of men, but the imbalance in the field of diabetes is unknown. Hence, we analyzed multiple aspects of historical and present-day female representation in the diabetes field. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We quantified gender representation at annual American Diabetes Association (ADA) meetings; editorial board service positions for ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) journals; principal investigators for ADA, JDRF, and National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases P30 grant funding; and ADA, JDRF, and EASD award recipients. RESULTS There are many women in the field of diabetes: registration for the ADA Scientific Sessions has been 43% female since 2016, and for over five decades, women comprised 83% of ADA Presidents of Health Care and Education. Yet, only 9% of ADA Presidents of Medicine and Science have been women. Women were well represented on editorial boards for journals focused on diabetes education (Diabetes Spectrum, 89% female) and primary care (Clinical Diabetes, 49% female) but not for the more academically targeted Diabetes Care (34% female), Diabetes (21% female), and Diabetologia (30% female). Only one-third of ADA Pathway to Stop Diabetes and JDRF grants have been awarded to women, and females only lead 2 of 18 (11%) of the P30-supported Diabetes Research Centers. Finally, only 2-12% of major ADA, JDRF, and EASD awards were given to women, without significant change over time. CONCLUSIONS Despite increasing recognition of gender imbalance in research and medicine, many disparities in the field of diabetes persist. We call for decreasing barriers for advancement of female investigators and creating environments that promote their retention and equitable recognition for their contributions to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Maizel
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Le Boedec A, Anthony N, Vigneau C, Hue B, Laine F, Laviolle B, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Bacle A, Allain JS. Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254311. [PMID: 34242351 PMCID: PMC8270123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020. RESULTS In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Boedec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- Rennes 1 University, France
| | - Norah Anthony
- Methodological Support and Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital, Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center 1410 Saint Pierre, Reunion Island, France
| | - Cécile Vigneau
- Rennes 1 University, France
- Department of Nephrology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France
| | - Benoit Hue
- Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Laine
- Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- Department of Hepatology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France
| | - Bruno Laviolle
- Rennes 1 University, France
- Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Rennes 1 University, France
- Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn, France
| | - Astrid Bacle
- Rennes 1 University, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Allain
- Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France
- Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolism Division, Saint Malo Hospital, Saint Malo, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chaudhary AMD, Naveed S, Safdar B, Saboor S, Zeshan M, Khosa F. Gender Differences in Research Project Grants and R01 Grants at the National Institutes of Health. Cureus 2021; 13:e14930. [PMID: 34123629 PMCID: PMC8188626 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is the world's largest funding source for research, offers various types of competitive grants depending on the duration, research type, and budget. The Research Project Grant (RPG) is the oldest mechanism for grant allocation that is used by the NIH. In this study, we explored the gender trends of NIH RPGs and R01 grants over the last two decades. Methods By utilizing the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool (RePORT), data for gender were extracted, and the percentage of women as RPGs Investigators, R01-equivalent grant including R01 type 1 and type 2 grant awardees, from 1998 to 2019 were tabulated. The absolute change was calculated. Results From 1998 to 2019, the percentage of female RPG awardees has increased. However, the success rates for female RPG applicants have decreased during the same period. The funding and success rates for new R01 awards have been similar for both men and women, but women have been less successful at the renewal of R01-equivalent awards. Conclusion Gender disparity exists in awardees of higher RPGs, including the R01 award. This highlights the need for further actions to ensure gender parity in grant allocations at the NIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beenish Safdar
- Graduate Medical Education, John T. Mather Memorial Hospital, Northwell Health, Port Jefferson, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Zeshan
- Psychiatry/Child and Infant Psychiatry, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, USA.,Psychiatry, Bronx Lebanon Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hutchinson D, Das P, Lall MD, Hill J, Fares S, Khosa F. Emergency Medicine Journal Editorial Boards: Analysis of Gender, H-Index, Publications, Academic Rank, and Leadership Roles. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:353-359. [PMID: 33856323 PMCID: PMC7972362 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.11.49122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal in this study was to determine female representation on editorial boards of high-ranking emergency medicine (EM) journals. In addition, we examined factors associated with gender disparity, including board members' academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. METHODS In this retrospective study, we examined EM editorial boards with an impact factor of 1 or greater according to the Clarivate Journal Citations Report for a total of 16 journals. All board members with a doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathic medicine degree, or international equivalent were included, resulting in 781 included board members. We analyzed board members' gender, academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. RESULTS Gender disparity was clearly notable, with men holding 87.3% (682/781) of physician editorial board positions and women holding 12.7% (99/781) of positions. Only 6.6% (1/15) of included editorial board chiefs were women. Male editorial board members possessed higher h-indices, total citations, and more publishing years than their female counterparts. Male board members held a greater number of departmental leadership positions, as well as higher academic ranks. CONCLUSION Significant gender disparity exists on EM editorial boards. Substantial inequalities between men and women board members exist in both the academic and departmental realms. Addressing these inequalities will likely be an integral part of achieving gender parity on editorial boards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Hutchinson
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Priya Das
- Universirty of Kerala, Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kerala, India
| | - Michelle D Lall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jesse Hill
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Zayed Military Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Vancouver General Hospital/University of British Columbia, Department of Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maqsood H, Naveed S, Mohyud Din Chaudhary A, Khan MT, Khosa F. Gender and racial trends among neurology residents: an overview. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:572-574. [PMID: 33452146 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diversification of academic medicine improves healthcare standards and patient outcomes. Gender and racial inequalities are major challenges faced by the healthcare system. This article reviews the trends of gender and racial disparity among residents of neurology. This retrospective analysis of the annual Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Books encompassed all residents at US neurology residency training programmes from the year 2007 to 2018. The representation of women steadily increased, with an absolute increase of 3% from the year 2007 to 2018. Although the absolute change (%) increased for the White race, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black/African Americans, there was a decrease seen in the Hispanic representation in neurology residents from the year 2011 to 2018. There was no change seen for the Native Americans/Alaskans. Our study concluded that gender and racial disparity persists in the recruitment of residents in neurology. This study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address gender and racial disparity among residents of neurology. Further studies are needed to explore etiological factors to address gender and racial disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Maqsood
- Medicine, Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Psychiatry, Hartford Hospital Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Taimoor Khan
- Vascular Neurology, Charleston Area Medical Center Health System Inc, Charleston, West Virginia, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Academic American Surgery Faculty: An Elusive Dream. J Surg Res 2020; 258:179-186. [PMID: 33011449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of shifting population demographics in the United States, a diverse workforce in health care can lead to improved patient outcomes and enhance access to culturally competent care for minorities. The objective of this study was to analyze and quantify the relationship of gender, race, and academic rank, tenure status, and degree in American academic surgical faculty. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 12-y retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the data from the Association of American Medical Colleges was performed. The distribution of race and gender across academic ranks, tenure, and degree types were recorded from 2007-2018. Simple descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis was used to analyze the time trends and association between gender and race across academic rank, tenure status, and degree types. RESULTS When averaged over the 12 y of this study, there were significantly more whites (69.8%) and males (74.5%) among the academic surgery faculty compared with other races and females, respectively (P value <0.05). Asians and females experienced the greatest increase in proportional representation across all academic ranks with an absolute increase of 7% and 5% in full professor, 5% and 6% in associate professor, and 7% and 3% in chairperson (P value <0.05), respectively. No significant association was observed between gender and race with tenure status or degree type. CONCLUSIONS Female and Asians are increasing in proportional representation; however, racial and gender disparities remain prevalent at higher academic ranks and positions of leadership, especially among black and Hispanic academic surgeons.
Collapse
|
17
|
Battaglia F, Farhan SA, Narmeen M, Karimuddin AA, Jalal S, Tse M, Khosa F. Does gender influence leadership roles in academic surgery in the United States of America? A cross-sectional study. Int J Surg 2020; 83:67-74. [PMID: 32871272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender disparity remains prevalent in the field of academic surgery with an under-representation of women at senior leadership ranks. A wide variety of causes are reported to contribute to this gender-based discrimination but a current quantitative analysis in the US has significant importance. This cross-sectional study aims to document gender disparity in academic and leadership positions in surgery as well as its relationship with scholarly productivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The American Medical Association's Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA), was used to identify General Surgery programs. Each institution's website was used to identify its faculty's primary profiles for data collection. Individuals with an MD or DO, and an academic ranking of Professor, Associate Professor or Assistant Professor were included. Academic productivity was quantified by recording H-index, number of publications, number of citations, and years of active research of a physician. All statistical analysis was performed on SPSS Statistics version 20.0. RESULTS A total of 144 academic programs were including in our analysis constituting 4085 surgeons, only one-fifth (n = 873, 21%) of which were women. Furthermore, only 19% of all leadership positions were assumed by female surgeons. Leadership positions and academic rank correlated significantly with increasing research productivity. The difference in H-index between genders was statistically significant (P < 0.05) with men possessing a higher median for H-index [13] than women [9]. Transplantation Surgery [17] had the highest median H-indices for female surgeons. Male surgeons (n = 18) were twice as likely to be Departmental Chairs as their female counterparts (n = 9). However, female surgical oncologists held the highest proportion of leadership positions (31%). CONCLUSION A significant gender-based disparity was found in leadership positions and academic ranks. Research productivity appeared to be integral for academic and leadership appointments. Institution-level measures that enhance support, mentorship, and sponsorship for women are imperative to achieve overall parity in general surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Battaglia
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Syed Ali Farhan
- Department of Surgery,Doctor Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, Sindh, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Mehek Narmeen
- Department of Surgery,Doctor Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, Sindh, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmer Azhar Karimuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Room C310, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Matthew Tse
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 899 12th Avenue W, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu WC, Su DH, Chiu WY, Lin CH, Chen SC, Wang SY, Chou CK, Huang HJ, Tseng FY. Status of endocrinology and metabolism specialists in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:588-593. [PMID: 32682703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature emphasizes the importance of matching the demand and supply of endocrinology and metabolism (EM) specialists. This study analyzed the current status of EM specialists in Taiwan. The gender effects on the workplace of EM specialists were also evaluated. METHODS The number of internal medicine (IM) specialists was obtained from the websites of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Data about EM specialists were retrieved from the database of the Endocrine Society of the Republic of China (ESROC; Taiwan). Differences in age distribution and workplace levels or locations between female and male EM specialists were analyzed. RESULTS Since 1988, 809 physicians were certified as EM specialists. The average age of 739 EM specialists (509 male, 230 female) who remained as active members of the ESROC was 49.9 ± 11.1 years. The age distribution (p < 0.001) and workplace location (p = 0.043) were significantly different between male and female EM specialists. Divided by decades, the ratio of female-to-male EM specialists revealed an increasing tendency (p < 0.001). The percentage of EM specialists among IM specialists, certified 2 years previously, declined from 14.0% in 2017 to 7.9% and 8.3% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. CONCLUSION The female-to-male ratio of EM specialists increased gradually. Compared to males, female EM specialists were relatively younger, and more of them had clinical practice in northern Taiwan. The percentage of IM specialists becoming EM specialists declined in the last 2 years. The equilibrium between the supply and demand of EM specialists deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Huang Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far-Eastern Polyclinic, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yih Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Kai Chou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Fen-Yu Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee D, Jalal S, Nasrullah M, Ding J, Sanelli P, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Academic Rank and Productivity Among Public Health Physician Faculty in North America. Cureus 2020; 12:e8553. [PMID: 32670690 PMCID: PMC7357311 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The issue of gender disparity is particularly important in the domain of public health where the tone of its leadership is pivotal in bringing about impactful change to research, policies, and the wellbeing of our various populations. Our aim is to explore the gender disparity of author metrics and academic rankings of public health physician faculty through a cross-sectional study. Methods Data collection for this retrospective cross-sectional study took place during June and July of 2017. Public health and preventive medicine residency training programs in the United States and Canada were to compiled and all faculty members that met the inclusion criteria were recorded (n = 973). Variables of interest include gender, h-index, years of active research, and academic appointments. SCOPUS database (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was used to generate author metrics, and all statistical tests were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Overall, 31.14% (n = 303) of faculty members we studied were from Canada, and 68.86% (n = 670) were from the United States. In both countries, males made up the majority of all faculty members. Female faculty comprised most of the early career positions, and their proportions tapered off with higher academic rank, whereas male faculty trended in the opposite direction. Males generally were higher in all academic measures across all appointments. Conclusions Gender disparity exists within the North American public health and preventive medicine discipline. There are underlying factors preventing women from moving beyond early career positions or engaging in academic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lee
- Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, CAN
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Muazzam Nasrullah
- Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Farhan SA, Shahid I, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Assessing the Gap in Female Authorship in Neurosurgery Literature: A 20-Year Analysis of Sex Trends in Authorship. World Neurosurg 2020; 141:e661-e669. [PMID: 32522642 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Publications are considered a major factor for advancement in academia. An effort has been made to study authorship trends in neurosurgery publications. The objective of this study was to investigate authorship trends in the neurosurgery literature for the last 20 years (1998-2018). METHODS Articles for the years 1998, 2008, and 2018 were extracted from Neurosurgery, Journal of Neurosurgery, and World Neurosurgery for this retrospective study. Only original articles, case reports, and review articles were included. The gender of the first, senior, and corresponding author was determined. Subspecialty topic, type of paper, geographic origin of articles, and the number of citations for each article were also collected. RESULTS A total of 3912 articles were included. The number of articles, the total number of authors, and nonexperimental studies increased in the successive decades. A total of 744 women (19.0%) were first authors and 520 (13.3%) were senior authors of their respective publications. A decreasing trend (P < 0.05) was noted between female first authors and male senior authors over time. All 3 journals showed an increasing pattern of female authorships across the 2 decades. CONCLUSIONS A rapid rise in female authorship positions in particular and authorship positions in general demonstrates the diversity that is slowly burgeoning to cater to perspectives and issues that require a multidimensional approach in neurosurgery. Increasing linkages among researchers in neurosurgery on a global scale are evident by the increase in multinational collaborations. Expansive efforts are needed at institutional and individual levels to eradicate sex-based pitfalls that hinder excellence in neurosurgery research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ali Farhan
- Department of General Surgery, Doctor Ruth K.M. Fau Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Izza Shahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chaudhary AMD, Naveed S, Siddiqi J, Mahmood A, Khosa F. US Psychiatry Faculty: Academic Rank, Gender and Racial Profile. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2020; 44:260-266. [PMID: 32185748 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-020-01192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gender and racial underrepresentation persist in academic psychiatry faculty appointments. Our study investigated the gender and racial distribution and its temporal trends in academic psychiatry faculty positions across the USA over a 12-year period. METHODS Using the annual reports of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Simple descriptive statistics analyzed the time trends and the distribution of gender and race across academic ranks, tenure, and degree types. RESULTS Over the 12-year study period, the White race was the most represented at each rank. In the lower academic ranks, there was an increased representation of Asians, while the minority race/ethnicities experienced minimal increment. Similarly, males were overrepresented at higher academic ranks, with females increasing in proportion at lower academic ranks. CONCLUSIONS Females and minorities remain underrepresented in academic psychiatry faculty positions, especially among senior academic and leadership positions. Differences in tenure tracks and degree types may contribute to the overrepresentation of White and male academic physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | | | - Faisal Khosa
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen SYT, Jalal S, Ahmadi M, Khurshid K, Bhulani N, Rehman AU, Ahmad A, Ding J, Aldred TLR, Khosa F. Influences for Gender Disparity in Academic Family Medicine in North American Medical Schools. Cureus 2020; 12:e8368. [PMID: 32617239 PMCID: PMC7326302 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women physicians continue to comprise the minority of leadership roles in Academic Family Medicine (AFM) faculty across North American medical schools. Our study quantified the current state of gender disparity by analyzing academic position, leadership ranking, and research productivity. Methods We generated a database for 6,746 AFM faculty members. Gender and academic profiles were obtained for 2,892 academic ranks and 1,706 leadership roles by searching faculty listings enlisted in Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) and Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS). To measure research productivity, we obtained bibliometric data: h-index, citations, and tenure from 2,383 faculty members using Elsevier’s SCOPUS archives. Data analysis and h-index were formulated using Stata version 14.2 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). Results Our results indicated that women hold 46.11% (3,110/6,746) of faculty positions. The proportional composition decreased with increasing academic ranking (49.84% assistant, 46.78% associate, and 41.5% full professor). The same decreasing trend was demonstrated with leadership rank (57.14% minor leadership, 47.65% second-in-command, and 36.61 first-in-command). Compared to their gender counterparts, women in AFM demonstrated lower publication productivity as measured by citation number (p=0.04) and years of study (p=0.008). The final prediction equation model after multivariable analyses included gender, publications, citations, country of graduation, and years of active research (p<0.05). Conclusions The composition of academic family medicine faculty members included in this study demonstrated gender disparity. Inclusivity initiatives and policies to tackle the issue of female retention, promotion, and recruitment need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | | | - Ateeq U Rehman
- Internal Medicine, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, USA
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, USA.,Internal Medicine, Orange Park Medical Center, Orange Park, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sidhu A, Jalal S, Khosa F. Prevalence of Gender Disparity in Professional Societies of Family Medicine: A Global Perspective. Cureus 2020; 12:e7917. [PMID: 32494531 PMCID: PMC7263707 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gender disparity in academic and organizational settings has been the topic of numerous studies, which have attributed under representation of females within medicine to both individual and institutional reasons. The main objective of our study was to assess gender disparity in leadership positions in committees of professional societies of family medicine (FM). Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, we collected publicly available information from 3 major FM societies (College of Family Physicians of Canada, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, and the World Organization of Family Doctors) and also collected the academic/leadership information for each committee member, including bibliometric parameters of their research productivity. Results In total, our sample size was 960 and composed of 58% men (556) and 42% women (404). There was a significant difference found in all the research productivity variables. Men had a greater number of publications, number of citations, years since first publication, years of active research, and had a larger h-index. Conclusion In conclusion, gender disparity within FM societies is less significant compared to other professional medical societies and creating an environment that supports women and supports research can aid in achieving gender parity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aven Sidhu
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, CAN
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Learoyd DL, Holmes‐Walker J. Advancing women in medical leadership. Med J Aust 2020; 212:189-189.e1. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Learoyd
- Northern Clinical SchoolUniversity of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Endocrine Society of Australia Sydney NSW
| | - Jane Holmes‐Walker
- Westmead HospitalUniversity of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Royal Australasian College of Physicians Sydney NSW
| |
Collapse
|