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Qian P, Wang Q, Wang FZ, Dai HB, Wang HY, Gao Q, Zhou H, Zhou YB. Adrenomedullin Improves Cardiac Remodeling and Function in Obese Rats with Hypertension. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060719. [PMID: 35745637 PMCID: PMC9227996 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether adrenomedullin (ADM, 7.2 μg/kg/day, ip), an important endogenous active peptide, has a protective role in cardiac remodeling and function in obesity-related hypertension (OH) rats. A high-fat diet (HFD) was used to induce OH for 20 weeks. H9c2 cells incubated with palmitate (PA, 200 μM) to mimic high free fatty acid in obesity were used as an in vitro model. In OH rats, ADM not only decreased body weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) but also improved systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, ADM still had a greater inhibitory effect on local inflammation and oxidative stress in the hearts of OH rats, and the same anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects were also confirmed in PA-treated H9c2 cells. The ADM receptor antagonist or Akt inhibitor effectively attenuated the inhibitory effects of ADM on inflammation and oxidative stress in PA-stimulated H9c2 cells. Furthermore, ADM application effectively normalized heart function, and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining and collagen volume fraction results showed that ADM improved cardiac remodeling in hearts of OH rats. ADM attenuated cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress via the receptor-Akt pathway, which involves the improvement of cardiac remodeling and function in OH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-8686-9351
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Dai HB, Wang HY, Wang FZ, Qian P, Gao Q, Zhou H, Zhou YB. Adrenomedullin ameliorates palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance through PI3K/Akt pathway in adipocytes. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:661-673. [PMID: 34978596 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction has been associated with adipose tissue low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress leading to insulin resistance (IR). Adrenomedullin (ADM), an endogenous active peptide considered as an adipokine, is associated with adipocytes function. METHODS We evaluated the protective effects of ADM against IR in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated by palmitic acid (PA) and in visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) of obese rats fed with high-fat diet. RESULTS We found that endogenous protein expressions of ADM and its receptor in PA-treated adipocytes were markedly increased. PA significantly induced impaired insulin signaling by affecting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) axis and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) levels, whereas ADM pretreatment enhanced insulin signaling PI3K/Akt and GLUT-4 membrane protein levels, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 levels, and improved oxidative stress accompanied with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased anti-oxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and catalase (CAT) protein expressions. Furthermore, ADM treatment not only improved IR in obese rats, but also effectively restored insulin signaling, and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in vWAT of obese rats. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a prevention potential of ADM against obesity-related metabolic disorders, due to its protective effects against IR, inflammation and oxidative stress in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Bing Dai
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei Qian
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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García-Sanmartín J, Narro-Íñiguez J, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Martínez A. Endoglin and Activin Receptor-like Kinase 1 (Alk1) Modify Adrenomedullin Expression in an Organ-Specific Manner in Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030358. [PMID: 35336733 PMCID: PMC8945164 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is called a rare disease because it affects relatively few people. It is characterized by malformations in some blood vessels and usually results in profuse nose bleedings. In a recent article, we found that these patients have higher levels of adrenomedullin (AM), a molecule with cardiovascular activities, than healthy people. Thus we wanted to know whether the mutations that cause the HHT disease are directly responsible for these higher levels of AM. To investigate this issue, we used mutant mice, which express lower levels of the genes involved in the disease (called Eng and Acvrl1), and measured how much AM was found in different tissues. Although we expected a higher amount of AM in all organs, that was not the case. Some organs showed no variation, some had lower levels of AM than normal mice (fat, skin, and adrenals), and others had a higher expression (cerebellum and colon). Interestingly, our results suggest that these genes and the related molecule BMP-9 may have novel functions, which have not been yet investigated, which may shed more light on the physiopathology of HHT. Abstract Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare disease characterized by vascular malformations and profuse bleeding. The disease is caused by mutations in the components of the BMP-9 receptor: endoglin (ENG) and activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1) genes. Recently, we reported that HHT patients expressed higher serum levels of adrenomedullin (AM) than healthy volunteers; thus, we studied the expression of AM (by enzyme immunoassay, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting) in mice deficient in either one of the receptor components to investigate whether these defects may be the cause of that elevated AM in patients. We found that AM expression is not affected by these mutations in a consistent pattern. On the contrary, in some organs (blood, lungs, stomach, pancreas, heart, kidneys, ovaries, brain cortex, hippocampus, foot skin, and microvessels), there were no significant changes, whereas in others we found either a reduced expression (fat, skin, and adrenals) or an enhanced production of AM (cerebellum and colon). These results contradict our initial hypothesis that the increased AM expression found in HHT patients may be due directly to the mutations, but open intriguing questions about the potential phenotypic manifestations of Eng and Acvrl1 mutants that have not yet been studied and that may offer, in the future, a new focus for research on HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josune García-Sanmartín
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logrono, Spain; (J.G.-S.); (J.N.-Í.)
| | - Judit Narro-Íñiguez
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logrono, Spain; (J.G.-S.); (J.N.-Í.)
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Barbero
- Vascular Endothelium Pathophysiology (ENDOVAS) Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Unit, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logrono, Spain; (J.G.-S.); (J.N.-Í.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-941278775
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Dong Y, Gong L, Lu X, Ye M, Lin Y, Xie S, Zhang J, Zhou F, Tang L, Zou W, Liu M. Changes of Transporters and Drug-metabolizing Enzymes in Nephrotic Syndrome. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:368-378. [PMID: 32394830 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200512113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters play key roles in drug disposition and drug interactions. The alterations of their expression will influence drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, the changes in the expression of enzymes and transporters in the disease state are still unclear. OBJECTIVE Our study was to investigate the changes in the expression of main enzymes and drug transporters distributed in Adriamycin nephropathy rat liver, kidney, and intestine. METHODS An intravenous injection with a single dose of Adriamycin (6mg/kg) was made to establish Adriamycin nephropathy (AN) model and normal groups were injected with normal saline. Serum was collected for lipid metabolism, renal, and hepatic function measurement. The real-time PCR and western blot were applied to determine the mRNA and protein expression of drug enzymes and transporters. RESULTS In the kidney, a greater expression of Mdr1, Mrp2, Mrp4 Oat2 and Oct2 mRNA was found in AN rats as compared with control rats. In the liver, the expression of Bcrp mRNA was more doubled or tripled than control groups and downregulation of Mdr1, Mrp2, Mrp4 and Bsep gene expression was found in AN rats. Besides, we observed a downward trend of Cyp1a2, Cyp3a4 and Cyp2c9 mRNA levels in AN groups. In the duodenum, the expression of Mdr1 and Mrp3 mRNA level was decreased, while Bcrp and Mrp2 mRNA were increased. CONCLUSION The changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters expression in AN rats were clarified, which may be beneficial for understanding the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clinical drugs and reduce unexpected clinical findings for nephropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Linna Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianyuan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingguang Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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Dai H, Wang F, Kang Y, Sun J, Zhou H, Gao Q, Li Z, Qian P, Zhu G, Zhou Y. Adrenomedullin Attenuates Inflammation in White Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats Through Receptor-Mediated PKA Pathway. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:86-97. [PMID: 32985779 PMCID: PMC7821304 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenomedullin (ADM) possesses therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases. Consequently, the effects of ADM on inflammation in visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) of obese rats or in adipocytes were explored in this study. METHODS Male rats were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity, and obese rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps providing constant infusion of ADM (300 ng/kg per hour) and continued to be fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. RESULTS When compared with the control group, endogenous protein expression of ADM and ADM receptors in vWAT and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated adipocytes was markedly increased. ADM significantly decreased the protein expression of the inflammatory mediators TNFα, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in vWAT of obese rats and in adipocytes stimulated by LPS. It also inhibited the activation of the inflammatory signaling pathways MAPK and NF-κB induced by LPS in adipocytes. These effects of ADM in adipocytes were inhibited by the administration of ADM receptor antagonist and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activation inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS ADM can inhibit inflammation in WAT in obesity, which may be mediated by the activation of ADM receptors and PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang‐Bing Dai
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fang‐Zheng Wang
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ying Kang
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhen‐Zhen Li
- Department of CardiologyBenQ Medical CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Pei Qian
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guo‐Qing Zhu
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ye‐Bo Zhou
- Department of PhysiologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Pennington KA, Dong Y, Ruano SH, van der Walt N, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Yallampalli C. Brief high fat high sugar diet results in altered energy and fat metabolism during pregnancy in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20866. [PMID: 33257770 PMCID: PMC7705687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy several maternal adaptations occur in order to support the growing fetus which are further exacerbated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Previously we developed a mouse model of GDM, however we did not evaluate alterations to energy and fat metabolism. We have also shown that alterations in lipid metabolism are mediated by adrenomedullin (ADM) in normal and GDM pregnancies. Our objectives were: (1) evaluate energy and fat homeostasis in our GDM mouse model and (2) determine if ADM may play a role in these changes. Female mice were placed on either control (P-CD) or high fat, high sucrose diet (P-HFHS) 1 week prior to and throughout pregnancy. Mice were placed into comprehensive lab animal monitoring system (CLAMS) chambers throughout pregnancy. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was collected at d17.5 of pregnancy for analysis. Energy Expenditure was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in P-HFHS dams compared to all other groups. VAT ex-vivo lipolysis was increased (p < 0.05) in P-HFHS compared to P-CD dams. VAT gene expression of ADM receptors Crlr, Ramp2, and Ramp3 was increased (p < 0.05) in P-HFHS dams. ADM dose dependently increased ex vivo lipolysis. This data further validates our animal model of GDM and is usefulness in investigating the pathophysiology of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Pennington
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Room #1850.36, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Room #1850.36, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Simone Hernandez Ruano
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Room #1850.36, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicola van der Walt
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Room #1850.36, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haleh Sangi-Haghpeykar
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Room #1850.36, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Yallampalli
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Room #1850.36, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Lu X, Dong Y, Jian Z, Li Q, Gong L, Tang L, Zhou X, Liu M. Systematic Investigation of the Effects of Long-Term Administration of a High-Fat Diet on Drug Transporters in the Mouse Liver, Kidney and Intestine. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:742-755. [PMID: 31475894 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190902125435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term intake of a high-fat diet is a crucial factor contributing to obesity, which has become a global public health problem. Progressive obesity subsequently leads to hepatic injury, renal damage and intestinal atrophy. Transporters expressed in the liver, kidney and intestine play important roles in the deposition of nutrients and drugs, but researchers have not clearly determined whether/how the expression of transporters changes after long-term administration of a High-Fat Diet (HFD). This study aims to explore the effects of the long-term administration of a HFD on the expression of drug transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine in mice and to provide useful information for medical applications in the clinic. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a basal diet or HFD for 24 weeks, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed after 3, 11 and 23 weeks. Serum was obtained to measure lipid metabolism, inflammatory mediators, renal function and hepatic function. Adipose tissues, kidney, pancreas and liver were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining after 4, 12 and 24 weeks. The mRNA and proteins expression of drug transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine were detected using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS Compared with the control group, long-term HFD administration significantly increased the adipose index. The serum lipid levels, including Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as the levels of the inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly elevated in HFD-induced obese mice. H&E staining revealed pathological changes in the adipose cells, liver, kidney and pancreas from the obese group following the long-term administration of the HFD. The liver of the obese group presented increased mRNA expression of the efflux transporter Mrp2 and uptake transporter Oat2 at 24 weeks. The relative expression of Oat2 increased 4.08-fold and the protein expression of Oat2 was upregulated at 24 weeks in HFD-fed mice, while the mRNA expression of the uptake transporters Oct1, Oatp1b2 and Oatp1a4 decreased by 79%, 61% and 19%, respectively. The protein expression of Oct1 was significantly downregulated in obese mice at 12 weeks. The mRNA expression of the efflux transporter Mdr1a was significantly reduced in HFD-fed mice compared with the control group at 24 weeks. Western blot showed that the trend of protein level of Mdr1 was consistent with the mRNA expression. In the kidney, the level of the Oct2 mRNA increased 1.92- and 2.46-fold at 4 and 12 weeks in HFD-fed mice, respectively. The expression of the Oat1 and Oat3 mRNAs was markedly downregulated in the kidneys of mice with HFD-induced obesity at 4 weeks. The decrease of 72% and 21% in Mdr1a mRNA expression was observed in the obese model at 4 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. Western blot showed that the protein levels of Mdr1 and Oat1 were consistent with the mRNA expression. The qPCR experiments showed a 2.87-fold increase in Bcrp mRNA expression at 24 weeks, and the expression of the Pept1 mRNA increased 2.84-fold in intestines of obese mice subjected to long-term administration of the HFD compared with control mice at 12 weeks. Western blot showed that the trend of protein levels of Mdr1 and Mrp2 were consistent with the mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The expression of uptake and efflux transporters mRNAs and protein levels were altered in obese mice compared with control mice, providing scientific evidence for future medical applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqian Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichao Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Linna Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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