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Guaraldi F, Morandi L, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Righi A, Evangelisti S, Ambrosi F, Tonon C, Giannini C, Lloyd RV, Asioli S. Epigenomic and somatic mutations of pituitary tumors with clinical and pathological correlations in 111 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:763-772. [PMID: 36161330 PMCID: PMC9828656 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To profile clinically non-aggressive and aggressive pituitary adenomas (PAs)/pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) and pituitary carcinomas for somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations of genes involved in cell proliferation/differentiation, microRNAs (miRNA)/long noncoding RNA (LncRNA)-post-transcriptional regulators and therapy targets. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS A total of 64 non-aggressive and 41 aggressive PAs/PitNETs and 6 pituitary carcinomas treated by endoscopic surgery with ≥1-year follow-up were included. Somatic mutations of 17 genes and DNA methylation of 22 genes were assessed. Ten normal pituitaries were used as control. RESULTS We found at least one mutation in 17 tumours, including 6/64 non-aggressive, 10/41 aggressive PAs/PitNETs, and 1/6 pituitary carcinoma. AIP (N = 6) was the most frequently mutated gene, followed by NOTCH (4), and TP53 (3). Hypermethylation of PARP15, LINC00599, ZAP70 was more common in aggressive than non-aggressive PAs/PITNETs (p < .05). Lower levels of methylation of AIP, GNAS and PDCD1 were detected in aggressive PAs/PITNETs than non-aggressive ones (p < .05). For X-linked genes, males presented higher level of methylation of FLNA, UXT and MAGE family (MAGEA11, MAGEA1, MAGEC2) genes in aggressive vs. non-aggressive PAs/PITNETs (p < .05). In pituitary carcinomas, methylation of autosomal genes PARP15, LINC00599, MIR193 and ZAP70 was higher than in PAs/PITNETs, while X-linked genes methylation level was lower. CONCLUSIONS Somatic mutations and methylation levels of genes involved in cell proliferation/differentiation, miRNA/LncRNA-post-transcriptional regulators and targets of antineoplastic therapies are different in non-aggressive and in aggressive PAs/PitNETs. Methylation profile also varies according to gender. Combined genetic-epigenetic analysis, in association with clinico-radiological-pathological data, may be of help in predicting PA/PitNET behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Morandi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Matteo Zoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Alberto Righi
- Department of PathologyIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Stefania Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Francesca Ambrosi
- Dipartimento Interaziendale Anatomia Patologica, Pathology Unit, Maggiore HospitalAUSL BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Caterina Tonon
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ricardo V. Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonMichiganUSA
| | - Sofia Asioli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento Interaziendale Anatomia Patologica, Unit of Anatomic PathologyAUSL BolognaBolognaItaly
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Pecori Giraldi F, Cassarino MF, Sesta A, Terreni M, Lasio G, Losa M. Sexual Dimorphism in Cellular and Molecular Features in Human ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E669. [PMID: 32183012 PMCID: PMC7139870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. Cushing's disease presents gender disparities in prevalence and clinical course. Little is known, however, about sexual dimorphism at the level of the corticotrope adenoma itself. The aim of the present study was to evaluate molecular features of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas collected from female and male patients with Cushing's disease. (2) Methods. We analyzed 153 ACTH-secreting adenomas collected from 31 men and 122 women. Adenomas were established in culture and ACTH synthesis and secretion assessed in basal conditions as well as during incubation with CRH or dexamethasone. Concurrently, microarray analysis was performed on formalin-fixed specimens and differences in the expression profiles between specimens from male and female patients identified. (3) Results. ACTH medium concentrations in adenomas obtained from male patients were significantly lower than those observed in adenomas from female patients. This could be observed for baseline as well as modulated secretion. Analysis of corticotrope transcriptomes revealed considerable similarities with few, selected differences in functional annotations. Differentially expressed genes comprised genes with known sexual dimorphism, genes involved in tumour development and genes relevant to pituitary pathophysiology. (4) Conclusions. Our study shows for the first time that human corticotrope adenomas present sexual dimorphism and underlines the need for a gender-dependent analysis of these tumours. Differentially expressed genes may represent the basis for gender-tailored target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pecori Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan; 20122 Milan, Italy
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Cassarino
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Sesta
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Lasio
- Deparment of Neurosurgery, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, 20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy;
| | - Marco Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20136 Milan, Italy;
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Drummond J, Roncaroli F, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Silent Pituitary Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2473-2489. [PMID: 30020466 PMCID: PMC6517166 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Silent pituitary adenomas are anterior pituitary tumors with hormone synthesis but without signs or symptoms of hormone hypersecretion. They have been increasingly recognized and represent challenging diagnostic issues. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from January 2000 to March 2018 with the following key words: (i) pituitary adenoma/tumor and nonfunctioning; or (ii) pituitary adenoma/tumor and silent. All titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were reviewed, and recent advances in the field of silent pituitary adenomas were summarized. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The clinical and biochemical picture of pituitary adenomas reflects a continuum between functional and silent adenomas. Although some adenomas are truly silent, others will show some evidence of biochemical hypersecretion or could have subtle clinical signs and, therefore, can be referred to as clinically silent or "whispering" adenomas. Silent tumors seem to be more aggressive than their secreting counterparts, with a greater recurrence rate. Transcription factors for pituitary cell lineages have been introduced into the 2017 World Health Organization guidelines: steroidogenic factor 1 staining for gonadotroph lineage; PIT1 (pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1) for growth hormone, prolactin, and TSH lineage, and TPIT for the corticotroph lineage. Prospective studies applying these criteria will establish the value of the new classification. CONCLUSIONS A concise review of the clinical and pathological aspects of silent pituitary adenomas was conducted in view of the new World Health Organization classification of pituitary adenomas. New classifications, novel prognostics markers, and emerging imaging and therapeutic approaches need to be evaluated to better serve this unique group of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/diagnostic imaging
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/pathology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/surgery
- Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/blood
- Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/metabolism
- Pituitary Neoplasms/blood
- Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology
- Pituitary Neoplasms/therapy
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Drummond
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondenceand Reprint Requests: Márta Korbonits, MD, PhD, Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Bao AM, Swaab DF. The human hypothalamus in mood disorders: The HPA axis in the center. IBRO Rep 2018; 6:45-53. [PMID: 31211281 PMCID: PMC6562194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no specific structural neuropathological hallmarks found in the brain of mood disorders. Instead, there are molecular, functional and structural alterations reported in many brain areas. The neurodevelopmental underpinning indicated the presence of various genetic and developmental risk factors. The effect of genetic polymorphisms and developmental sequalae, some of which may start in the womb, result in functional changes in a network mediated by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, which make the emotion- and stress-related brain systems more vulnerable to stressful events. This network of stress-related neurocircuits consists of, for instance, brainstem nuclei, the amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus. Various nuclei of the hypothalamus form indeed one of the crucial hubs in this network. This structure concerns not only the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that integrate the neuro-endocrine-immune responses to stress, but also other hypothalamic nuclei and systems that play a key role in the symptoms of depression, such as disordered day-night rhythm, lack of reward feelings, disturbed eating, sex, and disturbed cognitive functions. The present review will focus on the changes in the human hypothalamus in depression, with the HPA axis in the center. We will discuss the inordinate network of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved, with the hope to find the most vulnerable neurobiological systems and the possible development of tailor-made treatments for mood disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of neuroscience, NHC and CAMS key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of neuroscience, NHC and CAMS key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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O’Hara L, Curley M, Tedim Ferreira M, Cruickshanks L, Milne L, Smith LB. Pituitary androgen receptor signalling regulates prolactin but not gonadotrophins in the male mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121657. [PMID: 25799562 PMCID: PMC4370825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of the androgen testosterone is controlled by a negative feedback loop within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Stimulation of testicular Leydig cells by pituitary luteinising hormone (LH) is under the control of hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), while suppression of LH secretion by the pituitary is controlled by circulating testosterone. Exactly how androgens exert their feedback control of gonadotrophin secretion (and whether this is at the level of the pituitary), as well as the role of AR in other pituitary cell types remains unclear. To investigate these questions, we exploited a transgenic mouse line (Foxg1Cre/+; ARfl/y) which lacks androgen receptor in the pituitary gland. Both circulating testosterone and gonadotrophins are unchanged in adulthood, demonstrating that AR signalling is dispensable in the male mouse pituitary for testosterone-dependent regulation of LH secretion. In contrast, Foxg1Cre/+; ARfl/y males have a significant increase in circulating prolactin, suggesting that, rather than controlling gonadotrophins, AR-signalling in the pituitary acts to suppress aberrant prolactin production in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O’Hara
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Curley
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Tedim Ferreira
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsey Cruickshanks
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Milne
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B. Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Filippa VP, Rosales GJ, Cruceño AAM, Mohamed FH. Androgen Receptors Expression in Pituitary of Male Viscacha in relation to Growth and Reproductive Cycle. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:168047. [PMID: 25945090 PMCID: PMC4405020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/168047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the androgen receptors (AR) expression in pituitary pars distalis (PD) of male viscachas in relation to growth and reproductive cycle. AR were detected by immunocytochemistry and quantified by image analysis. Pituitary glands from fetus, immature, prepubertal, and adult viscachas during their reproductive cycle were used. In the fetal PD, the immunoreactivity (ir) was mainly cytoplasmic. In immature and prepubertal animals, AR-ir was cytoplasmic (ARc-ir) and nuclear (ARn-ir) in medial region. In adult animals, ARn-ir cells were numerous at caudal end. AR regionalization varied between the PD zones in relation to growth. In immature animals, the ARn-ir increased whereas the cytoplasmic expression decreased in relation to the fetal glands. The percentage of ARc-ir cells increased in prepubertal animals whereas the nuclear AR expression was predominant in adult viscachas. The AR expression changed in adults, showing minimum percentage in the gonadal regression period. The variation of nuclear AR expression was directly related with testosterone concentration. These results demonstrated variations in the immunostaining pattern, regionalization, and number of AR-ir cells throughout development, growth, and reproductive cycle, suggesting the involvement of AR in the regulation of the pituitary activity of male viscacha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Palmira Filippa
- Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, Piso No. 1, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Judith Rosales
- Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, Piso No. 1, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Albana Andrea Marina Cruceño
- Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, Piso No. 1, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Fabian Heber Mohamed
- Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, Piso No. 1, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
- *Fabian Heber Mohamed:
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Filippa V, Godoy D, Perez E, Mohamed F. Effects of castration on androgen receptors and gonadotropins in the pituitary of adult male viscachas. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 26:991-1000. [PMID: 23905557 DOI: 10.1071/rd13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine whether castration results in quantitative immunohistochemical changes in androgen receptors (AR), LH-immunoreactive (IR) cells and FSH-IR cells, and to analyse the colocalisation of AR and gonadotropins in the pituitary pars distalis (PD) of viscachas. Pituitaries were processed for light and electron microscopy. AR-IR, LH-IR and FSH-IR cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. In morphometric studies, the percentage of AR-IR, LH-IR, FSH-IR, LH-IR/AR-IR and FSH-IR/AR-IR cells was determined. In intact viscachas, AR were distributed throughout the PD; they were numerous at the caudal end, with intense immunostaining. LH-IR cells and FSH-IR cells were found mainly in the ventral region and at the rostral end of the PD. Approximately 45%-66% of LH-IR cells and 49%-57% of FSH-IR cells expressed AR in the different zones of the PD. In castrated viscachas, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of AR-IR, LH-IR, FSH-IR, and FSH-IR/AR-IR cells. Some pituitary cells from castrated viscachas also exhibited ultrastructural changes. These results provide morphological evidence that gonadal androgens are directly related to the immunolabelling of AR, LH and FSH. Moreover, the colocalisation of AR and FSH is most affected by castration, suggesting the existence of a subpopulation of gonadotrophs with different regulatory mechanisms for hormonal synthesis, storage and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Filippa
- Laboratorio de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejército de los Andes 950- Bloque I, 1° Piso (5700) San Luis, Argentina
| | - Daiana Godoy
- Laboratorio de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejército de los Andes 950- Bloque I, 1° Piso (5700) San Luis, Argentina
| | - Edith Perez
- Laboratorio de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejército de los Andes 950- Bloque I, 1° Piso (5700) San Luis, Argentina
| | - Fabian Mohamed
- Laboratorio de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejército de los Andes 950- Bloque I, 1° Piso (5700) San Luis, Argentina
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Lee M, Marinoni I, Irmler M, Psaras T, Honegger JB, Beschorner R, Anastasov N, Beckers J, Theodoropoulou M, Roncaroli F, Pellegata NS. Transcriptome analysis of MENX-associated rat pituitary adenomas identifies novel molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of human pituitary gonadotroph adenomas. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:137-50. [PMID: 23756599 PMCID: PMC3690182 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotroph adenomas comprise 15-40% of all pituitary tumors, are usually non-functioning and are often large and invasive at presentation. Surgery is the first-choice treatment, but complete resection is not always achieved, leading to high recurrence rates. As gonadotroph adenomas poorly respond to conventional pharmacological therapies, novel treatment strategies are needed. Their identification has been hampered by our incomplete understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors. Recently, we demonstrated that MENX-affected rats develop gonadotroph adenomas closely resembling their human counterparts. To discover new genes/pathways involved in gonadotroph cells tumorigenesis, we performed transcriptome profiling of rat tumors versus normal pituitary. Adenomas showed overrepresentation of genes involved in cell cycle, development, cell differentiation/proliferation, and lipid metabolism. Bioinformatic analysis identified downstream targets of the transcription factor SF-1 as being up-regulated in rat (and human) adenomas. Meta-analyses demonstrated remarkable similarities between gonadotroph adenomas in rats and humans, and highlighted common dysregulated genes, several of which were not previously implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis. Two such genes, CYP11A1 and NUSAP1, were analyzed in 39 human gonadotroph adenomas by qRT-PCR and found to be up-regulated in 77 and 95% of cases, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected high P450scc (encoded by CYP11A1) and NuSAP expression in 18 human gonadotroph tumors. In vitro studies demonstrated for the first time that Cyp11a1 is a target of SF-1 in gonadotroph cells and promotes proliferation/survival of rat pituitary adenoma primary cells and cell lines. Our studies reveal clues about the molecular mechanisms driving rat and human gonadotroph adenomas development, and may help identify previously unexplored biomarkers for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misu Lee
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tsambika Psaras
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Rudi Beschorner
- Department for Neuropathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natasa Anastasov
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Am Hochanger 8, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Bao AM, Ruhé HG, Gao SF, Swaab DF. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in depression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:107-36. [PMID: 22608619 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A-M Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Bao AM, Swaab DF. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin in Depression. HORMONES OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM 2010; 82:339-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Walters KA, McTavish KJ, Seneviratne MG, Jimenez M, McMahon AC, Allan CM, Salamonsen LA, Handelsman DJ. Subfertile female androgen receptor knockout mice exhibit defects in neuroendocrine signaling, intraovarian function, and uterine development but not uterine function. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3274-82. [PMID: 19359383 PMCID: PMC2703552 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Female androgen receptor (AR) knockout mice (AR(-/-)) generated by an in-frame Ar exon 3 deletion are subfertile, but the mechanism is not clearly defined. To distinguish between extra- and intraovarian defects, reciprocal ovarian transplants were undertaken. Ovariectomized AR(-/-) hosts with wild-type (AR(+/+)) ovary transplants displayed abnormal estrus cycles, with longer cycles (50%, P < 0.05), and 66% were infertile (P < 0.05), whereas AR(+/+) hosts with either AR(-/-) or surgical control AR(+/+) ovary transplants displayed normal estrus cycles and fertility. These data imply a neuroendocrine defect, which is further supported by increased FSH (P <0.05) and estradiol (P <0.05), and greater LH suppressibility by estradiol in AR(-/-) females at estrus (P <0.05). Additional intraovarian defects were observed by the finding that both experimental transplant groups exhibited significantly reduced pups per litter (P < 0.05) and corpora lutea numbers (P < 0.05) compared with surgical controls. All groups exhibited normal uterine and lactation functions. AR(-/-) uteri were morphologically different from AR(+/+) with an increase in horn length (P < 0.01) but a reduction in uterine diameter (P < 0.05), total uterine area (P < 0.05), endometrial area (P < 0.05), and myometrial area (P < 0.01) at diestrus, indicating a role for AR in uterine growth and development. Both experimental transplant groups displayed a significant reduction in uterine diameter (P < 0.01) compared with transplanted wild-type controls, indicating a role for both AR-mediated intraovarian and intrauterine influences on uterine physiology. In conclusion, these data provide direct evidence that extraovarian neuroendocrine, but not uterine effects, as well as local intraovarian AR-mediated actions are important in maintaining female fertility, and a disruption of AR signaling leads to altered uterine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Walters
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:260-77. [PMID: 19390324 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832c937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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