Greenish-blue discoloration of the brain and heart after treatment with methylene blue

Recent and Emerging Trends in Remediation of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater by Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Due to the increased demand for clothes by the growing population, the dye-based sectors have seen fast growth in the recent decade. Among all the dyes, methylene blue dye is the most commonly used in textiles, resulting in dye effluent contamination. It is carcinogenic, which raises the stakes for the environment. The numerous sources of methylene blue dye and their effective treatment procedures are addressed in the current review. Even among nanoparticles, photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2, ZnO, and Fe3O4, have shown greater potential for photocatalytic methylene blue degradation. Such nano-sized metal oxides are the most ideal materials for the removal of water pollutants, as these materials are related to the qualities of flexibility, simplicity, efficiency, versatility, and high surface reactivity. The use of nanoparticles generated from waste materials to remediate methylene blue is highlighted in the present review.

Postmortem Evidence of Brain Inflammatory Markers and Injury in Septic Patients: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host's unregulated immune response to eliminate the infection. After hospitalization, sepsis survivors often suffer from long-term impairments in memory, attention, verbal fluency, and executive functioning. To understand the effects of sepsis and the exacerbated peripheral inflammatory response in the brain, we asked the question: What are the findings and inflammatory markers in the brains of deceased sepsis patients? To answer this question, we conducted this systematic review by the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

DATA SOURCES

Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed/National Library of Medicine, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Bibliographical Index in Spanish in Health Sciences, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed journal articles published on April 05, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION

A total of 3,745 articles were included in the primary screening; after omitting duplicate articles, animal models, and reviews, 2,896 articles were selected for the study. These studies were selected based on the title and abstract, and 2,772 articles were still omitted based on the exclusion criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION

The complete texts of the remaining 124 articles were obtained and thoroughly evaluated for the final screening, and 104 articles were included.

DATA SYNTHESIS

The postmortem brain had edema, abscess, hemorrhagic and ischemic injuries, infarction, hypoxia, atrophy, hypoplasia, neuronal loss, axonal injuries, demyelination, and necrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The mechanisms by which sepsis induces brain dysfunction are likely to include vascular and neuronal lesions, followed by the activation of glial cells and the presence of peripheral immune cells in the brain.