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Yang L, Li A, Lei Q, Zhang Y. Tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways: key roles in the regulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:125. [PMID: 31775797 PMCID: PMC6880373 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a currently popular treatment strategy for cancer patients. Although recent developments in cancer immunotherapy have had significant clinical impact, only a subset of patients exhibits clinical response. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance is necessary. The mechanisms of immune escape appear to consist of two distinct tumor characteristics: a decrease in effective immunocyte infiltration and function and the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment. Several host-derived factors may also contribute to immune escape. Moreover, inter-patient heterogeneity predominantly results from differences in somatic mutations between cancers, which has led to the hypothesis that differential activation of specific tumor-intrinsic pathways may explain the phenomenon of immune exclusion in a subset of cancers. Increasing evidence has also shown that tumor-intrinsic signaling plays a key role in regulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and tumor immune escape. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying immune avoidance mediated by tumor-intrinsic signaling may help identify new therapeutic targets for expanding the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Aitian Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Lei
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Li C, Trinh R, Ren X, Sun F, Wang Y, Shang P, Wang T, Wang M, Morrison SL, Zhang J. Anti-VEGFR2-interferon-α2 regulates the tumor microenvironment and exhibits potent antitumor efficacy against colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1290038. [PMID: 28405526 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1290038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFNα) has multiple antitumor effects including direct antitumor toxicity and the ability to potently stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity. However, its clinical applications in the treatment of malignancies have been limited because of short half-life and serious adverse reactions when attempting to deliver therapeutically effective doses. To address these issues, we fused IFNα2a to the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor 2 (VEGFR2) antibody JZA00 with the goal of targeting it to the tumor microenvironment where it can stimulate the antitumor immune response. The fusion protein, JZA01, is effective against colorectal cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis, exhibiting direct cytotoxicity, and activating the antitumor immune response. Although JZA01 exhibited reduced IFNα2 activity in vitro compared with native IFNα2, VEGFR2 targeting permitted efficient antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenesis, and immune-stimulating effects against the colorectal tumors HCT-116 and SW620. JZA01 showed in vivo efficacy in NOD-SCID mice-bearing established HCT-116 tumors. In conclusion, this study describes an antitumor immunotherapy that is highly promising for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoting Li
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yijia Zhu
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Ryan Trinh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Fumou Sun
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Youfu Wang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Pengzhao Shang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Sherie L Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
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