1
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Wada H, Maruyama T, Niikura T. SUMO1 modification of 0N4R-tau is regulated by PIASx, SENP1, SENP2, and TRIM11. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101800. [PMID: 39286522 PMCID: PMC11403297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that contributes to cytoskeletal stabilization. Aggregation of tau proteins is associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Several types of posttranslational modifications that alter the physical properties of tau proteins have been identified. SUMOylation is a reversible modification of lysine residues by a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). In this study, we examined the enzymes that regulate the SUMOylation and deSUMOylation of tau in an alternatively spliced form, 0N4R-tau. Among SUMO E3 ligases, we found protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS)xα and PIASxβ increase the levels of SUMOylated tau. The deSUMOylation enzymes sentrin-specific protease (SENP)1 and SENP2 reduced the levels of SUMO-conjugated tau. SUMO1 modification increased the level of phosphorylated tau, which was suppressed in the presence of SENP1. Furthermore, we examined the effect of tripartite motif (TRIM)11, which was recently identified as an E3 ligase for SUMO2 modification of tau. We found that TRIM11 increased the modification of both 2N4R- and 0N4R-tau by SUMO1, which was attenuated by mutation of the target lysine residue to arginine. These findings suggest that the expression and activity of SUMOylation regulatory proteins modulate the physical properties of tau proteins and may contribute to the onset and/or progression of tau-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony Wada
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Takuma Maruyama
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
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2
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Jiao Y, Zhang X, Yang Z. SUMO-specific proteases: SENPs in oxidative stress-related signaling and diseases. Biofactors 2024; 50:910-921. [PMID: 38551331 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is employed to depict a series of responses detrimental to normal cellular functions resulting from an imbalance between intracellular oxidants, mainly reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress often contributes to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this process, the relationship between small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and oxidative stress has garnered significant attention, with its posttranslational modification (PTM) frequently serving as a marker of oxidative stress status. Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs), affected by alternative splicing, PTMs such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and various protein interactions, are crucial molecules in the SUMO process. The human SENP family has six members (SENP1-3, SENP5-7), which are classified into two categories based on sequence similarity, substrate specificity, and subcellular location. They have two core functions in the human body: first, by cleaving the precursor SUMO and exposing the C-terminal glycine, they initiate the SUMO process; second, they can specifically recognize and dissociate SUMO proteins bound to substrates, a process known as deSUMOylation. However, the connection between deSUMOylation and oxidative stress remains a relatively unexplored area despite their strong association with oxidative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. This article aims to illustrate the significant contribution of SENPs to the oxidative stress pathway through deSUMOylation by reviewing their structure and classification, their roles in oxidative stress, and the changes in their expression and activity in several typical oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenshan Yang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Wang W, Matunis MJ. Paralogue-Specific Roles of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 in Protein Quality Control and Associated Diseases. Cells 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38201212 PMCID: PMC10778024 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) function as post-translational protein modifications and regulate nearly every aspect of cellular function. While a single ubiquitin protein is expressed across eukaryotic organisms, multiple SUMO paralogues with distinct biomolecular properties have been identified in plants and vertebrates. Five SUMO paralogues have been characterized in humans, with SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 being the best studied. SUMO2 and SUMO3 share 97% protein sequence homology (and are thus referred to as SUMO2/3) but only 47% homology with SUMO1. To date, thousands of putative sumoylation substrates have been identified thanks to advanced proteomic techniques, but the identification of SUMO1- and SUMO2/3-specific modifications and their unique functions in physiology and pathology are not well understood. The SUMO2/3 paralogues play an important role in proteostasis, converging with ubiquitylation to mediate protein degradation. This function is achieved primarily through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs), which preferentially bind and ubiquitylate poly-SUMO2/3 modified proteins. Effects of the SUMO1 paralogue on protein solubility and aggregation independent of STUbLs and proteasomal degradation have also been reported. Consistent with these functions, sumoylation is implicated in multiple human diseases associated with disturbed proteostasis, and a broad range of pathogenic proteins have been identified as SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 substrates. A better understanding of paralogue-specific functions of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 in cellular protein quality control may therefore provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic innovation. This review summarizes current understandings of the roles of sumoylation in protein quality control and associated diseases, with a focus on the specific effects of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 paralogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Matunis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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5
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Murakami S, Lacayo P. Biological and disease hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease defined by Alzheimer’s disease genes. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:996030. [PMID: 36437990 PMCID: PMC9682170 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.996030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD genes) have been reported. However, there is a lack of an overview of the genetic relationship between AD and age-related comorbidities, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, and diabetes, among others. Previously, we used Reactome analysis in conjunction with the AD genes to identify both the biological pathways and the neurological diseases. Here we provide systematic updates on the genetic and disease hallmarks defined by AD genes. The analysis identified 50 pathways (defined as biological hallmarks). Of them, we have successfully compiled them into a total of 11 biological hallmarks, including 6 existing hallmarks and 5 newly updated hallmarks. The AD genes further identified 20 diverse diseases (defined as disease hallmarks), summarized into three major categories: (1) existing hallmarks, including neurological diseases; (2) newly identified hallmarks, including common age-related diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, other cardiovascular diseases, and cancers; (3) and other health conditions; note that cancers reportedly have an inverse relation with AD. We previously suggested that a single gene is associated with multiple neurological diseases, and we are further extending the finding that AD genes are associated with common age-related comorbidities and others. This study indicates that the heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s disease predicts complex clinical presentations in people living with AD. Taken together, the genes define AD as a part of age-related comorbidities with shared biological mechanisms and may raise awareness of a healthy lifestyle as potential prevention and treatment of the comorbidities.
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Wei J, Wang H, Zheng Q, Zhang J, Chen Z, Wang J, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Recent research and development of inhibitors targeting sentrin-specific protease 1 for the treatment of cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114650. [PMID: 35939992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)/sentrin-specific protease 1 (SENP1), is a cysteine protease that promotes SUMO maturation and deSUMOylation of target proteins and regulates transcription factors or co-regulatory factors to mediate gene transcription. Many studies have shown that SENP1 is the driving factor for a multitude of cancers including prostate cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer. Inhibition of SENP1 activity has been proved to inhibit the survival, proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells, and increase their chemical and radiation sensitivity. Therefore, SENP1 is a promising anti-tumor target. At present, peptide inhibitors of SENP1 have entered clinical trials. Recently, many small molecule compounds and natural products were synthesized and identified as SENP1 inhibitors, and showed good tumor inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes the structure, physiological function, and role of SENP1 in tumorigenesis and development, focusing on the design and discovery of small molecule inhibitors of SENP1 from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, providing ideas for the development and research of small molecule inhibitors of SENP1 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Wei
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huijing Wang
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qinwen Zheng
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhichao Chen
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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7
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Maraschi A, Gumina V, Dragotto J, Colombrita C, Mompeán M, Buratti E, Silani V, Feligioni M, Ratti A. SUMOylation Regulates TDP-43 Splicing Activity and Nucleocytoplasmic Distribution. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5682-5702. [PMID: 34390468 PMCID: PMC8599232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear RNA-binding protein TDP-43 forms abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates in the brains of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients and several molecular mechanisms promoting TDP-43 cytoplasmic mislocalization and aggregation have been proposed, including defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport, stress granules (SG) disassembly and post-translational modifications (PTM). SUMOylation is a PTM which regulates a variety of cellular processes and, similarly to ubiquitination, targets lysine residues. To investigate the possible regulatory effects of SUMOylation on TDP-43 activity and trafficking, we first assessed that TDP-43 is SUMO-conjugated in the nuclear compartment both covalently and non-covalently in the RRM1 domain at the predicted lysine 136 and SUMO-interacting motif (SIM, 106–110 residues), respectively. By using the SUMO-mutant TDP-43 K136R protein, we demonstrated that SUMOylation modifies TDP-43 splicing activity, specifically exon skipping, and influences its sub-cellular localization and recruitment to SG after oxidative stress. When promoting deSUMOylation by SENP1 enzyme over-expression or by treatment with the cell-permeable SENP1 peptide TS-1, the cytoplasmic localization of TDP-43 increased, depending on its SUMOylation. Moreover, deSUMOylation by TS-1 peptide favoured the formation of small cytoplasmic aggregates of the C-terminal TDP-43 fragment p35, still containing the SUMO lysine target 136, but had no effect on the already formed p25 aggregates. Our data suggest that TDP-43 can be post-translationally modified by SUMOylation which may regulate its splicing function and trafficking, indicating a novel and druggable mechanism to explore as its dysregulation may lead to TDP-43 pathological aggregation in ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnaMaria Maraschi
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Gumina
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Dragotto
- Laboratory of Neuronal Cell Signaling, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Mompeán
- “Rocasolano” Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
- Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari” Center, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Laboratory of Neuronal Cell Signaling, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Di Cura del Policlinico, Via Giuseppe Dezza 48, 20144 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan Italy
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He J, Cheng J, Wang T. SUMOylation-Mediated Response to Mitochondrial Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165657. [PMID: 32781782 PMCID: PMC7460625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress is considered as a factor that reprograms the mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. As known, SUMOylation occurs through a series of stress-induced biochemical reactions. During the process of SUMOylation, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and its specific proteases (SENPs) are key signal molecules. Furthermore, they are considered as novel mitochondrial stress sensors that respond to the signals produced by various stresses. The responses are critical for mitochondrial homeostasis. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of the function of SUMOylation in the mitochondrial stress response, to delineate a SUMOylation-involved signal network diagram, and to highlight a number of key questions that remain answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-(21)-6384-6590-776327 (J.C.); +86-(21)-6384-6590-778026 (T.W.)
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-(21)-6384-6590-776327 (J.C.); +86-(21)-6384-6590-778026 (T.W.)
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