Nanotechnology-based biomedical devices in the cancer diagnostics and therapy

Recent advances in DNA nanotechnology for cancer detection and therapy: A review

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology has rapidly emerged as a transformative field in biomedical research, offering innovative solutions for the detection and treatment of cancer. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of DNA-based nanosystems in oncology, emphasizing their potential to address the limitations of conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Key advancements in DNA nanotechnology include the development of highly specific and sensitive nanostructures for early cancer detection, as well as precision-targeted delivery systems that enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies while minimizing side effects. The objectives of this review are threefold: first, to summarize the latest advancements in DNA nanotechnology, highlighting innovations in cancer biomarker detection and therapeutic applications; second, to explore the molecular mechanisms that enable these DNA-based nanosystems to interact with cancer cells with remarkable precision, including their design principles, self-assembly processes, and biological interactions; and third, to discuss the future implications of these technologies, considering the challenges, potential breakthroughs, and the steps needed to integrate DNA nanotechnology into clinical practice. By achieving these objectives, the review aims to offer insights into how DNA nanotechnology could revolutionize cancer care, providing new strategies for more personalized and effective treatments, and ultimately improving patient outcomes in the battle against cancer.

Molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of perineural invasion in malignancies: the pivotal role of tumor-associated Schwann cells in cancer progression and metastasis

Perineural invasion (PNI) is a pathological process wherein cancer cells invade and spread along peripheral nerves, contributing to tumor aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes, including increased recurrence, metastasis, and reduced survival. Tumor-associated Schwann cells (SCs) play a pivotal role in facilitating PNI by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and immune modulation. These cells actively support tumor progression through neurotrophin, cytokine, chemokine, and neurotransmitter signaling, enhancing cancer cell migration along neural pathways. Recent advances in imaging techniques, single-cell transcriptomics, and molecular profiling have provided deeper insights into the tumor microenvironment's role in PNI. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting neurotrophin-mediated signaling and SC-tumor interactions have shown promise in preclinical models. However, significant research gaps remain, particularly in understanding the heterogeneity of SCs and their molecular subtypes in PNI across different malignancies. This review highlights the clinical significance, molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets associated with PNI. A comprehensive understanding of tumor-SC interactions is essential for developing targeted interventions to mitigate PNI-driven malignancies. Future research should focus on integrating multi-omics approaches and novel therapeutics to improve early detection and treatment, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

Small-Diameter Stents in Cardiovascular Applications

Small-diameter stents play a crucial role in treating congenital heart diseases and variety of vascular conditions that have application from paediatrics to geriatric conditions, and a comprehensive review in this direction is lacking. This review explores historical development, design innovations, material compositions and mechanistic insights into functions of small-diameter stents, with a specific emphasis on biodegradable options. The necessity for stents that can adapt to growth of paediatric patients is discussed, highlighting the transition from durable polymers to bioresorbable materials such as polylactic acid (PLA) and magnesium alloys. While acknowledging the advancements made in reducing complications like restenosis and thrombosis, the review addresses the challenges that persist, including the need for improved biocompatibility and minimization of late adverse cardiac events associated with certain stent technologies. A detailed examination of various stent generations emphasizes the importance of drug release kinetics, structural integrity and potential for personalized interventions based on patient-specific factors. The exploration of novel therapeutic compounds, including nanoparticles and interfering RNA, illustrates the ongoing research aimed at enhancing stent efficacy. Ultimately, the review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of current landscape while identifying the gaps that future research must address to develop the ideal stent for diverse patient populations.