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Yang Y, Gao C, Ye Q, Liu C, Wan H, Ruan M, Zhou G, Wang R, Li Z, Diao M, Cheng Y. The Influence of Different Factors on the Metabolism of Capsaicinoids in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2887. [PMID: 39458834 PMCID: PMC11511365 DOI: 10.3390/plants13202887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Pepper is a globally cultivated vegetable known for its distinct pungent flavor, which is derived from the presence of capsaicinoids, a class of unique secondary metabolites that accumulate specifically in pepper fruits. Since the accumulation of capsaicinoids is influenced by various factors, it is imperative to comprehend the metabolic regulatory mechanisms governing capsaicinoids production. This review offers a thorough examination of the factors that govern the metabolism of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit, with a specific focus on three primary facets: (1) the impact of genotype and developmental stage on capsaicinoids metabolism, (2) the influence of environmental factors on capsaicinoids metabolism, and (3) exogenous substances like methyl jasmonate, chlorophenoxyacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and salicylic acid regulate capsaicinoid metabolism. The findings of this study are expected to enhance comprehension of capsaicinoids metabolism and aid in the improvement of breeding and cultivation practices for high-quality pepper in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Chengan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
- College of Horticultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qingjing Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chenxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Meiying Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guozhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Rongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhimiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ming Diao
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Vegetable Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.G.); (Q.Y.); (C.L.); (H.W.); (M.R.); (G.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.)
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Burgos-Valencia E, Echevarría-Machado I, Ortega-Lule G, Medina-Lara F, García-Laynes F, Martínez-Estévez M, Narváez-Zapata J. Haplotype analysis, regulatory elements and docking simulation of structural models of different AT3 copies in the genus Capsicum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38354741 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are responsible for the pungency in Capsicum species. These are synthesized by the Capsaicin synthase (CS) encoded by the AT3 gene, which catalyzes the transference of an acyl moiety from a branched-chain fatty acid-CoA ester to the vanillylamine to produce capsaicinoids. Some AT3 gene copies have been identified on the Capsicum genome. The absence of capsaicinoid in some nonpungent accessions is related to mutant AT3 alleles. The differences between CS protein copies can affect the tridimensional structure of the protein and the affinity for its substrates, and this could affect fruit pungency. This study characterized 32 AT3 sequences covering Capsicum pungent and non-pungent accessions. These were clustered in AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 groups and representative sequences were analyzed. Genomic upstream analysis shows different regulatory elements, mainly responsive to light and abiotic stress. AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 gene expression was confirmed in fruit tissues of C. annuum. Amino acid substitutions close to the predictable HXXXD and DFGWG motifs were also identified. AT3 sequences were modeled showing a BAHD acyltransferase structure with two connected domains. A pocket with different shape, size and composition between AT3 models was found inside the protein, with the conserved motif HXXXD exposed to it, and a channel for their accessibility. CS substrates exhibit high interaction energies with the His and Asp conserved residues. AT3 models have different interaction affinities with the (E)-8-methylnon-6-enoyl-CoA, 8-methylnonanoyl-CoA and vanillylamine substrates. These results suggested that AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 sequences encode CS enzymes with different regulatory factors and substratum affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Burgos-Valencia
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gustavo Ortega-Lule
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fátima Medina-Lara
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Federico García-Laynes
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Manuel Martínez-Estévez
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - José Narváez-Zapata
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
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Baranov D, Timerbaev V. Recent Advances in Studying the Regulation of Fruit Ripening in Tomato Using Genetic Engineering Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:760. [PMID: 38255834 PMCID: PMC10815249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most commercially essential vegetable crops cultivated worldwide. In addition to the nutritional value, tomato is an excellent model for studying climacteric fruits' ripening processes. Despite this, the available natural pool of genes that allows expanding phenotypic diversity is limited, and the difficulties of crossing using classical selection methods when stacking traits increase proportionally with each additional feature. Modern methods of the genetic engineering of tomatoes have extensive potential applications, such as enhancing the expression of existing gene(s), integrating artificial and heterologous gene(s), pointing changes in target gene sequences while keeping allelic combinations characteristic of successful commercial varieties, and many others. However, it is necessary to understand the fundamental principles of the gene molecular regulation involved in tomato fruit ripening for its successful use in creating new varieties. Although the candidate genes mediate ripening have been identified, a complete picture of their relationship has yet to be formed. This review summarizes the latest (2017-2023) achievements related to studying the ripening processes of tomato fruits. This work attempts to systematize the results of various research articles and display the interaction pattern of genes regulating the process of tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baranov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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Kirke J, Jin XL, Zhang XH. Expression of a Tardigrade Dsup Gene Enhances Genome Protection in Plants. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:563-571. [PMID: 32955680 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the most impactful events in living organisms, leading to DNA sequence changes (mutation) and disruption of biological processes. A study has identified a protein called Damage Suppressor Protein (Dsup) in the tardigrade Ramazzotius varieornatus that has shown to reduce the effects of radiation damage in human cell cultures (Hashimoto in Nature Communications 7:12808, 2016). We have generated tobacco plants that express the codon-optimized tardigrade Dsup gene and examined their responses when treated with mutagenic chemicals, ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiations. Our studies showed that compared to the control plants, the Dsup-expressing plants grew better in the medium containing mutagenic ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS). RT-qPCR detected distinct expression patterns of endogenous genes involved in DNA damage response and repair in the Dsup plants in response to EMS, bleomycin, UV-C and X-ray radiations. Comet assays revealed that the nuclei from the Dsup plants appeared more protected from UV and X-ray damages than the control plants. Overall, our studies demonstrated that Dsup gene expression enhanced tolerance of plants to genomutagenic stress. We suggest the feasibility of exploring genetic resources from extremotolerant species such as tardigrades to impart plants with tolerance to stressful environments for future climate changes and human space endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kirke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Xiao-Lu Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
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