1
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Elsayed HRH, Ali EMT, Rabei MR, El Nashar EM, Alghamdi MA, Al-Zahrani NS, Alshehri SH, Aldahhan RA, Morsy AI. Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blockade attenuates the neuropathological changes in the spinal cords of diabetic rats with modulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/ heme oxygenase 1 system. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102420. [PMID: 38795506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral and central neuropathies frequently complicate worldwide diabetes. Compared to peripheral neuropathy, central neuropathy didn`t gain a major research interest. Angiotensin II is reported to be involved in diabetic neuropathic pain but its role in the central pathological changes in the spinal cord is not clear. Here, we study the role of Losartan; an Angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist in suppression of the diabetes-induced changes in the spinal cord. Three groups of rats were applied; a negative control group, a streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic group, and a group receiving STZ and Losartan. After two months, the pathological alteration in the spinal cord was investigated, and an immunohistochemical study was performed for neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial markers; nuclear protein (NeuN), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), respectively, and for an apoptosis marker; caspase-3, and the inflammatory marker; nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2); physiological antioxidant system. The results showed that Losartan caused recovery of spinal cord changes, by inhibiting the microglial and astrocytic activation, suppressing neuronal apoptosis and NF-kB expression with activation of Nrf2/HO-1 (P<0.0005). It is suggested, herein, that Losartan can suppress diabetes-induced glial activation, inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the spinal cord; the mechanisms that may underlie the role of AT1 antagonism in suppressing diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Reda Hassan Elsayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman.
| | - Eyad Mohamed Tolba Ali
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rami Rabei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Mansour Abdullah Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, The Center for Medical and Health Research, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Saeed Al-Zahrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker Hassan Alshehri
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid A Aldahhan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Ibrahim Morsy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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2
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Saikia BB, Bhowmick S, Malat A, Preetha Rani MR, Thaha A, Abdul-Muneer PM. ICAM-1 Deletion Using CRISPR/Cas9 Protects the Brain from Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Inflammatory Leukocyte Adhesion and Transmigration Cascades by Attenuating the Paxillin/FAK-Dependent Rho GTPase Pathway. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1742232024. [PMID: 38326036 PMCID: PMC10941244 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1742-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is identified as an initiator of neuroinflammatory responses that lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive and sensory-motor deficits in several pathophysiological conditions including traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the underlying mechanisms of ICAM-1-mediated leukocyte adhesion and transmigration and its link with neuroinflammation and functional deficits following TBI remain elusive. Here, we hypothesize that blocking of ICAM-1 attenuates the transmigration of leukocytes to the brain and promotes functional recovery after TBI. The experimental TBI was induced in vivo by fluid percussion injury (25 psi) in male and female wild-type and ICAM-1-/- mice and in vitro by stretch injury (3 psi) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVECs). We treated hBMVECs and animals with ICAM-1 CRISPR/Cas9 and conducted several biochemical analyses and demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ICAM-1 deletion mitigates blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and leukocyte transmigration to the brain by attenuating the paxillin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent Rho GTPase pathway. For analyzing functional outcomes, we used a cohort of behavioral tests that included sensorimotor functions, psychological stress analyses, and spatial memory and learning following TBI. In conclusion, this study could establish the significance of deletion or blocking of ICAM-1 in transforming into a novel preventive approach against the pathophysiology of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti Ballav Saikia
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey 08820
| | - Saurav Bhowmick
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey 08820
| | - Anitha Malat
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey 08820
| | - M R Preetha Rani
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey 08820
| | - Almas Thaha
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey 08820
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey 08820
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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3
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Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1565-1591. [PMID: 37759139 PMCID: PMC10684482 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, with limited pharmacological options available beyond symptomatic relief. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily known as a systemic endocrine regulatory system, with major roles controlling blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Drugs that target the RAS are used to treat hypertension, heart failure and kidney disorders. They have now been used chronically by millions of people and have a favorable safety profile. In addition to the systemic RAS, it is now appreciated that many different organ systems, including the brain, have their own local RAS. The major ligand of the classic RAS, Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts predominantly through the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R), leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress. These processes can exacerbate brain injuries. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are AT1R antagonists. They have been shown in several preclinical studies to enhance recovery from TBI in rodents through improvements in molecular, cellular and behavioral correlates of injury. ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. The counter regulatory RAS pathway has actions that oppose those stimulated by AT1R signaling. This alternative pathway has many beneficial effects on cells in the central nervous system, bringing about vasodilation, and having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress actions. Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of the various components of the RAS, with a focus on their direct relevance to TBI pathology. It will explore different therapeutic agents that modulate this system and assess their potential efficacy in treating TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary C Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwame O Affram
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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4
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Sarpolaki MK, Vafaei A, Fattahi MR, Iranmehr A. Mini-Review: Role of Drugs Affecting Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): What We Know and What We Should Know. Korean J Neurotrauma 2023; 19:195-203. [PMID: 37431373 PMCID: PMC10329892 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2023.19.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are among the most important clinical and research areas in neurosurgery, owing to their devastating effects and high prevalence. Over the last few decades, there has been increasing research on the complex pathophysiology of TBI and secondary injuries following TBI. A growing body of evidence has shown that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a well-known cardiovascular regulatory pathway, plays a role in TBI pathophysiology. Acknowledging these complex and poorly understood pathways and their role in TBI could help design new clinical trials involving drugs that alter the RAS network, most notably angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. This study aimed to briefly review the molecular, animal, and human studies on these drugs in TBI and provide a clear vision for researchers to fill knowledge gaps in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazem Sarpolaki
- Neurological Surgery Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex (IKHC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vafaei
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fattahi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Arad Iranmehr
- Neurological Surgery Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex (IKHC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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5
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Sun Y, Liu X, Wang L, Li L, Quan X, Shi H, Wang T, Mei L, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Meng R, Wang J, Dai F. Losartan attenuates acetic acid enema-induced visceral hypersensitivity by inhibiting the ACE1/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis in enteric glial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 946:175650. [PMID: 36907262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) play an important role in visceral hypersensitivity associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Losartan (Los) is known to reduce pain; however, its function in IBS is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate Los's therapeutic effect on visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into control, acetic acid enema (AA), AA + Los low, medium and high dose groups in vivo. EGCs were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Los in vitro. The molecular mechanisms were explored by assessing the expression of EGC activation markers, pain mediators, inflammatory factors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 1(ACE1)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor axis molecules in colon tissue and EGCs. The results showed that the rats in the AA group showed significantly higher visceral hypersensitivity than the control rats, which was alleviated by different doses of Los. The expression of GFAP, S100β, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was considerably increased in colonic tissues of AA group rats and LPS-treated EGCs compared with control rats and EGCs, and reduced by Los. In addition, Los reversed ACE1/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis upregulation in AA colon tissues and LPS-treated EGCs. These results show that Los inhibits ACE1/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis upregulation by suppressing EGC activation, resulting in reduced expression of pain mediators and inflammatory factors, thereby alleviating visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lianli Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Laifu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaojing Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Haitao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yindi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jingyao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ruiting Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fei Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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6
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Synergistic effect of mild traumatic brain injury and alcohol aggravates neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier alterations: Impact on psychological stress. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114222. [PMID: 36089059 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), victims often experience emotional/psychological stress such as heightened irritability, anxiety, apathy, and depression. Severe mental health complications are common in military populations following a combat-acquired TBI and intensified unhealthy alcohol use. The high prevalence of alcohol abuse among TBI victims underscores how alcohol abuse exacerbates emotional/psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The experimental mTBI was induced in vivo by fluid percussion injury (15 psi) in mice and ethanol diet feeding continued for 28 days. We analyzed different biomarkers of the biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiology of neurological damage, and functional outcome of psychological stress by sucrose preference, and light-dark tests. We demonstrated that the synergistic effect of TBI and alcohol leads to psychological stress such as depression and anxiety. The studies showed that oxidative stress, amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration markers were elevated, and glial activation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage were exacerbated during the synergistic effect of TBI and alcohol. Further, we studied the biochemical mechanisms of psychological stress that showed the significant reduction of 5-HT1AR, neuropeptide-Y, and norepinephrine, and an increase in monoamine oxidase-a in the combined effect of TBI and alcohol. This work suggested that the combined TBI and alcohol-induced effect leads to depression and anxiety, via sequential biochemical changes that cause neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and BBB alterations. This clinically relevant study will contribute to developing a comprehensive therapeutic approach for patients suffering from TBI and alcohol-mediated neurological damage and psychological stress.
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7
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NADPH oxidase-induced activation of transforming growth factor-beta-1 causes neuropathy by suppressing antioxidant signaling pathways in alcohol use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2022; 213:109136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Baron DH, Skrobot OA, Palmer JC, Sharma K, Kehoe P. The Renin Angiotensin System as a potential treatment target for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:473-486. [PMID: 35029131 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern and leading cause of death and disability in young adults in the UK and worldwide, however, there is a paucity of disease modifying therapies for the treatment of TBI. This review investigates the potential of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as a treatment pathway for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults. Relevant electronic databases were searched on 18 December 2019, updated 16 May 2021. All English language articles with adult human or animal populations investigating RAS drugs as an intervention for TBI or reporting genetic evidence relevant to the RAS and TBI were screened. Eighteen preclinical RCTs (n=2269) and 2 clinical cohort studies (n=771) were included. Meta-analyses of 6 preclinical randomised-controlled trials (n=99) indicated candesartan improved neurological function short-term (<7 days: standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 - 1.03, I2=0%) and long-term (≥7 days: SMD 1.06, 95% CI 0.38; 1.73, I2=0%) post-TBI. Findings were similar for most secondary outcomes. There was a suggestion of benefit from other RAS-targeting drugs, although evidence was limited due to few small studies. There was insufficient evidence to enable strong assessment of these drugs on mortality post-TBI. We conclude that angiotensin-receptor blockers, especially candesartan, show positive outcomes post-TBI in preclinical studies with moderate quality of evidence (GRADE). More research into the effect of regulatory-RAS targeting drugs is needed. Clinical trials of candesartan following TBI are recommended, due to strong and consistent evidence of neuroprotection shown by these preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hendrik Baron
- University of Bristol, 1980, Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Olivia A Skrobot
- University of Bristol, 1980, Translational Health Sciences, Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Jennifer C Palmer
- University of Bristol, 1980, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,University of Bristol, 1980, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Kanchan Sharma
- University of Bristol, 1980, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,North Bristol NHS Trust, 1982, Neurology, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- University of Bristol, 1980, Translational Health Sciences, Dementia Research Group,, Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, - None -, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, BS10 5NB.,University of Bristol;
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9
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Dang R, Yang M, Cui C, Wang C, Zhang W, Geng C, Han W, Jiang P. Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1-7)/mas receptor axis triggers autophagy and suppresses microglia proinflammatory polarization via forkhead box class O1 signaling. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13480. [PMID: 34529881 PMCID: PMC8520723 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain renin‐angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) is implicated in neuroinflammation, a major characteristic of aging process. Angiotensin (Ang) II, produced by angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), activates immune system via angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), whereas Ang(1–7), generated by ACE2, binds with Mas receptor (MasR) to restrain excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the relationship between RAS and neuroinflammation. We found that repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment shifted the balance between ACE/Ang II/AT1 and ACE2/Ang(1–7)/MasR axis to the deleterious side and treatment with either MasR agonist, AVE0991 (AVE) or ACE2 activator, diminazene aceturate, exhibited strong neuroprotective actions. Mechanically, activation of ACE2/Ang(1–7)/MasR axis triggered the Forkhead box class O1 (FOXO1)‐autophagy pathway and induced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), the FOXO1‐targeted antioxidant enzymes. Meanwhile, knockdown of MasR or FOXO1 in BV2 cells, or using the selective FOXO1 inhibitor, AS1842856, in animals, suppressed FOXO1 translocation and compromised the autophagic process induced by MasR activation. We further used chloroquine (CQ) to block autophagy and showed that suppressing either FOXO1 or autophagy abrogated the anti‐inflammatory action of AVE. Likewise, Ang(1–7) also induced FOXO1 signaling and autophagic flux following LPS treatment in BV2 cells. Cotreatment with AS1842856 or CQ all led to autophagic inhibition and thereby abolished Ang(1–7)‐induced remission on NLRP3 inflammasome activation caused by LPS exposure, shifting the microglial polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. Collectively, these results firstly illustrated the mechanism of ACE2/Ang(1–7)/MasR axis in neuroinflammation, strongly indicating the involvement of FOXO1‐mediated autophagy in the neuroimmune‐modulating effects triggered by MasR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University Zhongshan China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
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10
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Losartan and Traumatic Brain Injury: Why Is a Retrospective Study Urgent? World Neurosurg 2021; 154:167-168. [PMID: 34583471 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Wu YH, Rosset S, Lee TR, Dragunow M, Park T, Shim V. In Vitro Models of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2336-2372. [PMID: 33563092 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health challenge that is also the third leading cause of death worldwide. It is also the leading cause of long-term disability in children and young adults worldwide. Despite a large body of research using predominantly in vivo and in vitro rodent models of brain injury, there is no medication that can reduce brain damage or promote brain repair mainly due to our lack of understanding in the mechanisms and pathophysiology of the TBI. The aim of this review is to examine in vitro TBI studies conducted from 2008-2018 to better understand the TBI in vitro model available in the literature. Specifically, our focus was to perform a detailed analysis of the in vitro experimental protocols used and their subsequent biological findings. Our review showed that the uniaxial stretch is the most frequently used way of load application, accounting for more than two-thirds of the studies reviewed. The rate and magnitude of the loading were varied significantly from study to study but can generally be categorized into mild, moderate, and severe injuries. The in vitro studies reviewed here examined key processes in TBI pathophysiology such as membrane disruptions leading to ionic dysregulation, inflammation, and the subsequent damages to the microtubules and axons, as well as cell death. Overall, the studies examined in this review contributed to the betterment of our understanding of TBI as a disease process. Yet, our review also revealed the areas where more work needs to be done such as: 1) diversification of load application methods that will include complex loading that mimics in vivo head impacts; 2) more widespread use of human brain cells, especially patient-matched human cells in the experimental set-up; and 3) need for building a more high-throughput system to be able to discover effective therapeutic targets for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Wu
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Center for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Rosset
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tae-Rin Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Center for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Park
- Center for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Mirzahosseini G, Ismael S, Ahmed HA, Ishrat T. Manifestation of renin angiotensin system modulation in traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1079-1086. [PMID: 33835385 PMCID: PMC8273091 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) alters brain function and is a crucial public health concern worldwide. TBI triggers the release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines) that aggravate cerebral damage, thereby affecting clinical prognosis. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in TBI pathophysiology. RAS is widely expressed in many organs including the brain. Modulation of the RAS in the brain via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptor signaling affects many pathophysiological processes, including TBI. AT1R is highly expressed in neurons and astrocytes. The upregulation of AT1R mediates the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) including release of proinflammatory cytokines, cell death, oxidative stress, and vasoconstriction. The AT2R, mainly expressed in the fetal brain during development, is also related to cognitive function. Activation of this receptor pathway decreases neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and improves overall cell survival. Numerous studies have illustrated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting AT1R and activating AT2R for treatment of TBI with variable outcomes. In this review, we summarize studies that describe the role of brain RAS signaling, through AT1R and AT2R in TBI, and its modulation with pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Mirzahosseini
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Building, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Building, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Building, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Building, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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13
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Bhowmick S, Malat A, Caruso D, Ponery N, D'Mello V, Finn C, Abdul-Muneer PM. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1-Induced Posttraumatic Brain Injury Neuropathology in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Leads to Sensorimotor Function Deficits and Psychological Stress. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0242-21.2021. [PMID: 34135004 PMCID: PMC8287878 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0242-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) promotes adhesion and transmigration of circulating leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes transmigrated immunocompetent cells to release mediators [function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 and macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1)] that stimulate glial and endothelial cells to express ICAM-1 and release cytokines, sustaining neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Although a strong correlation exists between TBI-mediated inflammation and impairment in functional outcome following brain trauma, the role of ICAM-1 in impairing functional outcome by inducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after TBI remains inconclusive. The experimental TBI was induced in vivo by fluid percussion injury (FPI; 10 and 20 psi) in wild-type (WT) and ICAM-1-/- mice and in vitro by stretch injury (3 psi) in brain endothelial cells. We manipulate ICAM-1 pharmacologically and genetically and conducted several biochemical analyses to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying ICAM-1-mediated neuroinflammation and performed rotarod, grid-walk, sucrose preference, and light-dark tests to assess functional outcome. TBI-induced ICAM-1-mediated neuroinflammation and cell death occur via LFA-1 or Mac-1 signaling pathways that rely on oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. The deletion or blocking of ICAM-1 resulted in a better outcome in attenuating neuroinflammation and cell death as marked by the markers such as NF-kB, IL-1β, TNF-α, cleaved-caspase-3 (cl-caspase-3), Annexin V, and by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and Trypan blue staining. ICAM-1 deletion in TBI improves sensorimotor, depression, and anxiety-like behavior with significant upregulation of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (DAD1R), serotonin (5-HT)1AR, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). This study could establish the significance of ICAM-1 as a novel therapeutic target against the pathophysiology to establish functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Bhowmick
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
| | - Anitha Malat
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
| | - Danielle Caruso
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
| | - Nizmi Ponery
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
| | - Veera D'Mello
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
| | - Christina Finn
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Laboratory of CNS injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ 08820
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110
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14
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Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in multiple facets of neuropathic pain (NP). This narrative review focuses primarily on the major bioactive RAS peptide, Angiotensin II (Ang II), and its receptors, namely type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). Both receptors are involved in the development of NP and represent potential therapeutic targets. We first discuss the potential role of Ang II receptors in modulation of NP in the central nervous system. Ang II receptor expression is widespread in circuits associated with the perception and modulation of pain, but more studies are required to fully characterize receptor distribution, downstream signaling, and therapeutic potential of targeting the central nervous system RAS in NP. We then describe the peripheral neuronal and nonneuronal distribution of the RAS, and its contribution to NP. Other RAS modulators (such as Ang (1-7)) are briefly reviewed as well. AT1R antagonists are analgesic across different pain models, including NP. Several studies show neuronal protection and outgrowth downstream of AT2R activation, which may lead to the use of AT2R agonists in NP. However, blockade of AT2R results in analgesia. Furthermore, expression of the RAS in the immune system and a growing appreciation of neuroimmune crosstalk in NP add another layer of complexity and therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway. A growing number of human studies also hint at the analgesic potential of targeting Ang II signaling. Altogether, Ang II receptor signaling represents a promising, far-reaching, and novel strategy to treat NP.
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15
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Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang M. Mechanical Stretch Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction by Regulating ACE2 via P38/ATF3 and Post-transcriptional Regulation by miR-421. Front Physiol 2021; 11:540591. [PMID: 33536929 PMCID: PMC7848200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.540591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stretch promotes deregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling. ACE2 has a wide range of cardiovascular and renal protective effects. Loss of ACE2 is associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the regulation of its expression, especially by abnormal mechanical stretch during hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of ACE2 to vascular remodeling under mechanical stretch and to assess the possible underlying mechanisms. The abdominal aortic constriction model was established to mimic the environment in vivo. FX-5000T Strain Unit provided mechanical stretch in vitro. Overexpression was used to analyze the role of ACE2 played in the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and collagen metabolism of the VSMCs. RT-qPCR, Western blot, luciferase assay, and ChIP assay were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ACE2 expression regulated by stretch. We found that mechanical stretch modulated the expression of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7) and ACE/AngII axis. ACE2 was mechanically sensitive and was involved in the stretch-induced dysfunction of VSMCs. The p38 MAPK/ATF3 pathway and miR-421 participated in the regulation of ACE2. Thus, ACE2 may contribute to the development of vascular remodeling under conditions of mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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AT1R/GSK-3 β/mTOR Signaling Pathway Involved in Angiotensin II-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis after HIE Both In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8864323. [PMID: 33425219 PMCID: PMC7773460 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8864323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective The focus of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Angiotensin II (Ang II) on neuronal apoptosis after HIE and the potential underlying mechanisms. Methods Primary neonatal rat cortical neurons were used to study the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell model. The expressions of Ang II, AT1R, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, mTOR, p-mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were detected via western blot. IF and flow cytometry were used to evaluate neuronal apoptosis. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Ang II in vivo. Cerebral infarction areas were detected by 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The righting and geotaxis reflexes were also recorded. In addition, Fluoro-Jade C staining and TUNEL staining were performed to evaluate neuronal degeneration and apoptosis. Results Ang II significantly increased the rate of neuronal apoptosis, upregulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3, and downregulated Bcl-2/Bax ratio after OGD insult. For vivo assay, the expressions of endogenous Ang II and AT1R gradually increased and peaked at 24 h after HIE. Ang II increased NeuN-positive AT1R cell expression. In addition, Ang II increased the area of cerebral infarction, promoted neuronal degeneration and apoptosis, aggravated neurological deficits on righting and geotaxis reflexes, and was accompanied by increased expressions of phosphorylated GSK-3β and mTOR. The application of valsartan (Ang II inhibitor) or SB216763 (GSK-3β inhibitor) reversed these phenomena triggered by Ang II following HIE. Conclusion Ang II increased neuronal apoptosis through the AT1R/GSK-3β/mTOR signaling pathway after experimental HIE both in vitro and in vivo, and Ang II may serve as a novel therapeutic target to ameliorate brain injury after HIE.
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Xiong J, Gao Y, Li X, Li K, Li Q, Shen J, Han Z, Zhang J. Losartan Treatment Could Improve the Outcome of TBI Mice. Front Neurol 2020; 11:992. [PMID: 33178092 PMCID: PMC7593661 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury frequently leads to serious mortality and physical disability, yet effective treatments remains insufficient. TBI always leads to a series of secondary brain injuries including neuronal apoptosis, continuous inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Sartans that block angiotensin II type 1 receptors are strongly neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory. However, whether losartan, a FDA-approved and widely used drug for regulating blood pressure, is beneficial for improving the prognosis of TBI need more evidence. Through a controlled cortical impact injury mice model, we confirmed that losartan treatment could ameliorate CCI-induced secondary brain injury. We found that losartan treatment decreased brain lesion volume, neuronal apoptosis and ER stress protein ATF4 and eIF2α. Moreover, our results showed that losartan also improved neurological and motor function. It is worth pointing out that losartan increased the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and alleviated brain edema and blood brain barrier leakage. Additionally, losartan inhibited pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and improve anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Taken together, our data demonstrated that losartan could improve the prognosis of TBI and may be a promising therapeutic method for mitigating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yalong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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18
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Vadhan JD, Speth RC. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107684. [PMID: 32956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by repeated concussions suffered by athletes in sports, military personnel from combat-and non-combat related activities, and civilian populations who suffer head injuries from accidents and domestic violence. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily a systemic cardiovascular regulatory system that, when dysregulated, causes hypertension and cardiovascular pathology, the brain contains a local RAS that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This local RAS includes receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II within the brain parenchyma, as well as on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain-barrier. The brain RAS acts primarily via the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1R), exacerbating insults and pathology. With TBI, the brain RAS may contribute to permanent brain damage, especially when a second TBI occurs before the brain recovers from an initial injury. Agents are needed that minimize the extent of injury from an acute TBI, reducing TBI-mediated permanent brain damage. This review discusses how activation of the brain RAS following TBI contributes to this damage, and how drugs that counteract activation of the AT1R including AT1R blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and agonists at type 2 Ang II receptors (AT2) and at Ang (1-7) receptors (Mas) can potentially ameliorate TBI-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vadhan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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19
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Traumatic brain injury-induced downregulation of Nrf2 activates inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1627-1641. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Rosas-Hernandez H, Burks SM, Cuevas E, Ali SF. Stretch-Induced Deformation as a Model to Study Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2546-2555. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Gong X, Hu H, Qiao Y, Xu P, Yang M, Dang R, Han W, Guo Y, Chen D, Jiang P. The Involvement of Renin-Angiotensin System in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Behavioral Changes, Neuroinflammation, and Disturbed Insulin Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:318. [PMID: 31001119 PMCID: PMC6454872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain insulin signaling is accounted for the development of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, whereas both inflammation and the activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are two major contributors to insulin resistance. Intriguingly, inflammation and RAS can activate each other, forming a positive feedback loop that would result in exacerbated unwanted tissue damage. To further examine the interrelationship among insulin signaling, neuroinflammation and RAS in the brain, the effect of repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and co-treatment with the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor type 1 (AT1) blocker, candesartan (Cand), on anxiety and depression-like behaviors, RAS, neuroinflammation and insulin signaling was explored. Our results demonstrated that prolonged LPS challenge successfully induced the rats into anxiety and depression-like state, accompanied with significant neural apoptosis and neuroinflammation. LPS also activated RAS as evidenced by the enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) expression, Ang II generation and AT1 expression. However, blocking the activated RAS with Cand co-treatment conferred neurobehavioral protective properties. The AT1 blocker markedly ameliorated the microglial activation, the enhanced gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and the overactivated NF-κB signaling. In addition, Cand also mitigated the LPS-induced disturbance of insulin signaling with the normalized phosphorylation of serine 307 and tyrosine 896 of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Collectively, the present study, for the first time, provided the direct evidence indicating that the inflammatory condition may interact with RAS to impede brain insulin pathway, resulting in neurobehavioral damage, and inhibiting RAS seems to be a promising strategy to block the cross-talk and cut off the vicious cycle between RAS and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Gong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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22
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Bhowmick S, D'Mello V, Abdul-Muneer PM. Synergistic Inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK, Not p38, Phosphorylation Ameliorates Neuronal Damages After Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1124-1136. [PMID: 29873042 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases that play a critical role in signal transduction and are activated by phosphorylation in response to a variety of pathophysiology stimuli. While MAP kinase signaling has a significant role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases, the precise function of activation of MAP kinase in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown. Therefore, it is important to study the role of MAP kinase signaling in TBI-associated neurological ailments. In this study, using an in vitro stretch injury model in rat embryo neuronal cultures and the in vivo fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in rats, we explored the role of MAP kinase signaling in the mechanisms of cell death in TBI. Our study demonstrated that the stretch injury in vitro and FPI in vivo upregulated the phosphorylation of MAP kinase proteins ERK1/2 and JNK, but not p38. Using ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126, JNK inhibitor SP600125, and p38 inhibitor SB203580, we validated the role of MAP kinase proteins in the activation of NF-kB and caspase-3. By immunofluorescence and western blotting, further, we demonstrated the role of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation in neurodegeneration by analyzing cell death proteins annexin V and Poly-ADP-Ribose-Polymerase p85. Interestingly, combined use of ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors further attenuated the cell death in stretch-injured neurons. In conclusion, this study could establish the significance of MAP kinase signaling in the pathophysiology of TBI and may have significant implications for developing therapeutic strategies using ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors for TBI-associated neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Bhowmick
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James St., Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Veera D'Mello
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James St., Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James St., Edison, NJ, 08820, USA.
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23
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Bhowmick S, D'Mello V, Ponery N, Abdul-Muneer PM. Neurodegeneration and Sensorimotor Deficits in the Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8010011. [PMID: 29316623 PMCID: PMC5789342 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in persistent sensorimotor and cognitive deficits, which occur through a cascade of deleterious pathophysiological events over time. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that neurodegeneration caused by TBI leads to impairments in sensorimotor function. TBI induces the activation of the caspase-3 enzyme, which triggers cell apoptosis in an in vivo model of fluid percussion injury (FPI). We analyzed caspase-3 mediated apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and annexin V western blotting. We correlated the neurodegeneration with sensorimotor deficits by conducting the animal behavioral tests including grid walk, balance beam, the inverted screen test, and the climb test. Our study demonstrated that the excess cell death or neurodegeneration correlated with the neuronal dysfunction and sensorimotor impairments associated with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Bhowmick
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, USA.
| | - Veera D'Mello
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, USA.
| | - Nizmi Ponery
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, USA.
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, USA.
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