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Ulloa del Carpio N, Alvarado-Corella D, Quiñones-Laveriano DM, Araya-Sibaja A, Vega-Baudrit J, Monagas-Juan M, Navarro-Hoyos M, Villar-López M. Exploring the chemical and pharmacological variability of Lepidium meyenii: a comprehensive review of the effects of maca. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1360422. [PMID: 38440178 PMCID: PMC10910417 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1360422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a biennial herbaceous plant indigenous to the Andes Mountains, has a rich history of traditional use for its purported health benefits. Maca's chemical composition varies due to ecotypes, growth conditions, and post-harvest processing, contributing to its intricate phytochemical profile, including, macamides, macaenes, and glucosinolates, among other components. This review provides an in-depth revision and analysis of Maca's diverse bioactive metabolites, focusing on the pharmacological properties registered in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Maca is generally safe, with rare adverse effects, supported by preclinical studies revealing low toxicity and good human tolerance. Preclinical investigations highlight the benefits attributed to Maca compounds, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, immunoregulation, and antioxidant effects. Maca has also shown potential for enhancing fertility, combating fatigue, and exhibiting potential antitumor properties. Maca's versatility extends to metabolic regulation, gastrointestinal health, cardio protection, antihypertensive activity, photoprotection, muscle growth, hepatoprotection, proangiogenic effects, antithrombotic properties, and antiallergic activity. Clinical studies, primarily focused on sexual health, indicate improved sexual desire, erectile function, and subjective wellbeing in men. Maca also shows promise in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women and enhancing physical performance. Further research is essential to uncover the mechanisms and clinical applications of Maca's unique bioactive metabolites, solidifying its place as a subject of growing scientific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norka Ulloa del Carpio
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Medicina Complementaria—CICMEC, Gerencia de Medicina Complementaria, Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Alvarado-Corella
- Bioactivity and Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Andrea Araya-Sibaja
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José Vega-Baudrit
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maria Monagas-Juan
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos
- Bioactivity and Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Martha Villar-López
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Medicina Complementaria—CICMEC, Gerencia de Medicina Complementaria, Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Liu C, Wang C, Zhang H, Gao X, Xiao P, Yu M, Wang X, Wang X, Wang X. Hypoxia ischemia results in blood brain barrier damage via AKT/GSK-3β/CREB pathway in neonatal rats. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148640. [PMID: 37863169 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have showed that the permeability of blood brain barrier (BBB) increased after hypoxia ischemia (HI). The current research uncovered the mechanism of altered BBB permeability after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) through AKT/GSK-3β/CREB signaling pathway in neonatal rats. Firstly, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess brain injury. Initial findings showed abnormal signals in T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Changes also happened in the morphology of nerve cells. Subsequently, we found that BBB damage is manifested as leakage of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and destruction of BBB-related proteins and ultrastructure. Meanwhile, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) significantly increased at 24 h after HIBD compared to a series of time points. Additionally, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining combined with Western blot (WB) was used to verify the function of the AKT/GSK-3β/CREB signaling pathway in BBB damage after HI in neonatal rats. Results showed that less Claudin-5, ZO-1, p-AKT, p-GSK-3β and p-CREB, along with more MMP-9 protein expression were visible on the damaged side of the cerebral cortex in the HIBD group in contrast to the sham and HIBD + SC79 groups. Together, our findings demonstrated that HI in neonatal rats might upregulate the levels of MMP-9 protein and downregulate the levels of Claudin-5 and ZO-1 by inhibiting the AKT/GSK-3β/CREB pathway, thus disrupting the BBB, which in turn aggravates brain damage after HI in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Haimo Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaotian Gao
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Peilun Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Deng J, Liao Y, Chen J, Chen A, Wu S, Huang Y, Qian H, Gao F, Wu G, Chen Y, Chen X, Zheng X. N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO regulates synaptic and cognitive impairment by destabilizing PTEN mRNA in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:820. [PMID: 38092760 PMCID: PMC10719319 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) can result in significant global rates of neonatal death or permanent neurological disability. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA influences fundamental aspects of RNA metabolism, and m6A dysregulation is implicated in various neurological diseases. However, the biological roles and clinical significance of m6A in HIBD remain unclear. We currently evaluated the effect of HIBD on cerebral m6A methylation in RNAs in neonatal rats. The m6A dot blot assay showed a global augmentation in RNA m6A methylation post-HI. Herein, we also report on demethylase FTO, which is markedly downregulated in the hippocampus and is the main factor involved with aberrant m6A modification following HI. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data and m6A microarray results, we found that transcripts with m6A modifications were more highly expressed overall than transcripts without m6A modifications. The overexpression of FTO resulted in the promotion of Akt/mTOR pathway hyperactivation, while simultaneously inhibiting autophagic function. This is carried out by the demethylation activity of FTO, which selectively demethylates transcripts of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), thus promoting its degradation and reduced protein expression after HI. Moreover, the synaptic and neurocognitive disorders induced by HI were effectively reversed through the overexpression of FTO in the hippocampus. Cumulatively, these findings demonstrate the functional importance of FTO-dependent hippocampal m6A methylome in cognitive function and provides novel mechanistic insights into the therapeutic potentials of FTO in neonatal HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianghu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Andi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haitao Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guixi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Chen
- Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Fujian Emergency Medical Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Co-Constructed Laboratory of Belt and Road, Fuzhou, China.
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Lin C, Li L, Xu Q, Xu S, Tang C. Yap1-Usp14 Axis Inhibits Neuronal Mitophagy During Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Encephalopathy by Regulation of Beclin-1 Ubiquitination in Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03344-5. [PMID: 37062801 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) that results from perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia has become one of the leading causes of acute mortality and chronic disability in infants and children. Despite that neuronal mitophagy and subsequent clearance of damaged neurons exert protective effect, the pathogenesis of HIE and effective treatment strategies for intervention of HIE remain poorly understood. Here, we report that ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (Usp14, a deubiquitinating enzyme) is closely associated with HIE progression by its negative regulation in neuronal mitophagy in mouse. The expression of Usp14 is elevated in both an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) mouse neuronal cell line culture model in vitro and a HIE mouse model in vivo. Mechanistically, OGD treatment activates Hippo signaling that enhances Yap1 phosphorylation levels at Ser-127 but inhibits Yap1 protein level, which potentiates Usp14 transcription and leads to the downregulated ubiquitination at Lys-63 of Beclin-1, a key molecule in autophagy, resulting in the suppressed neuronal mitophagy, subsequent failure in the clearance of damaged neurons, and finally possible dysregulation in brain functions. Thus, our results provide with Usp14 as a novel target and treatment strategy for intervention of HIE, which may help diagnose and treat HIE in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Lin Li
- Depanrtment of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Shouying Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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Mao B, Yuan W, Wu F, Yan Y, Wang B. Autophagy in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:115. [PMID: 37019879 PMCID: PMC10076300 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a major complication of liver resection or liver transplantation that can seriously affect patient's prognosis. There is currently no definitive and effective treatment strategy for HIRI. Autophagy is an intracellular self-digestion pathway initiated to remove damaged organelles and proteins, which maintains cell survival, differentiation, and homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that autophagy is involved in the regulation of HIRI. Numerous drugs and treatments can change the outcome of HIRI by controlling the pathways of autophagy. This review mainly discusses the occurrence and development of autophagy, the selection of experimental models for HIRI, and the specific regulatory pathways of autophagy in HIRI. Autophagy has considerable potential in the treatment of HIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benliang Mao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bailin Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Xenon (Xe) is an inert, colorless and odorless heavy gas and has many biological functions. However, little is known about whether and how Xe can modulate hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats. This study employed a neonatal rat model to explore the potential effect of Xe on neuron autophagy and the severity of HIBD. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to HIBD, randomized and treated with Xe or mild hypothermia (at 32 °C) for 3 h. The degrees of HIBD, neuron autophagy and the neuronal functions in some neonates from each group were tested by histopathology, immunochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, western blot, open-field and Trapeze tests at 3 and 28 days post-induction of HIBD, respectively. Compared with the Sham group, hypoxic-ischemia caused larger volumes of cerebral infarction and severe brain damage, and increased autophagosome formation and Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 class II (LC3-II) expression in the brain of rats, accompanied by the defect in neuronal functions. In contrast, treatment with Xe and/or hypothermia significantly reduced infarct volumes and ameliorated neurological defects in the HIBD rats, particularly for the combination of Xe and hypothermia. Xe significantly mitigated the relative levels of Beclin-1 and LC3-II expression and autophagosome formation induced by HIBD in rats. Xe acted as a neuroprotective factor against HIBD, possibly by inhibiting the hypoxia-induced neuron autophagy in rats.
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Tao H, Shi H, Wang M, Xu Y. Macamide B suppresses lung cancer progression potentially via the ATM signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2023; 25:115. [PMID: 36844627 PMCID: PMC9950334 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macamides are a class of bioactive natural products obtained from Lepidium meyenii (maca), which have been reported to exert inhibitory activity in cancer. However, their role in lung cancer is currently unknown. In the present study, macamide B was shown to inhibit the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells, as determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays, respectively. By contrast, macamide B induced cell apoptosis, as determined by Annexin V-FITC assay. Moreover, combined treatment with macamide B and olaparib, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, further suppressed the proliferation of lung cancer cells. At the molecular level, the expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), RAD51, p53 and cleaved caspase-3 were significantly increased by macamide B, as determined by western blotting, whereas the expression levels of Bcl-2 were decreased. By contrast, when ATM expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA technology in A549 cells treated with macamide B, the expression levels of ATM, RAD51, p53 and cleaved caspase-3 were reduced, whereas those of Bcl-2 were increased. Consistently, cell proliferation and invasive ability were partially rescued by ATM knockdown. In conclusion, macamide B inhibits lung cancer progression by inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion, and inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, macamide B may participate in regulating the ATM signaling pathway. The present study provides a potential new natural drug for treating patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tao
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Hubo Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, Shandong 250102, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Xu
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Yihui Xu, Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Neuroprotective Mechanism of Icariin on Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Damage in Neonatal Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1330928. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1330928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Our previous results showed that icariin (ICA) could inhibit apoptosis and provide neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal mice, but the specific mechanism of its neuroprotective effect remains unknown. This study aims at exploring whether ICA plays a neuroprotective role in apoptosis inhibition by regulating autophagy through the estrogen receptor α (ERα)/estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway in neonatal mice with HIBD. Methods. A neonatal mouse model of HIBD was constructed in vivo, and an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model in HT22 cells from the hippocampal neuronal system was constructed in vitro. The effects of ICA pretreatment on autophagy and the expression of ERα and ERβ were detected in vitro and in vivo, respectively. ICA pretreatment was also supplemented with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), ERα inhibitor methylpiperidino pyrazole (MPP), and ERβ inhibitor 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis (trifluoromethyl) pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyramidin-3-yl) phenol (PHTPP) to further detect whether ICA pretreatment can activate the ERα/ERβ pathway to promote autophagy and reduce HIBD-induced apoptosis to play a neuroprotective role against HIBD in neonatal mice. Results. ICA pretreatment significantly promoted autophagy in HIBD mice. Treatment with 3-MA significantly inhibited the increase in autophagy induced by ICA pretreatment, reversed the neuroprotective effect of ICA pretreatment, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, ICA pretreatment significantly increased the expression levels of the ERα and ERβ proteins in HIBD newborn mice. Both MPP and PHTPP administration significantly inhibited the expression levels of the ERα and ERβ proteins activated by ICA pretreatment, reversed the neuroprotective effects of ICA pretreatment, inhibited the increase in autophagy induced by ICA pretreatment, and promoted apoptosis. Conclusion. ICA pretreatment may promote autophagy by activating the ERα and ERβ pathways, thus reducing the apoptosis induced by HIBD and exerting a neuroprotective effect on neonatal mice with HIBD.
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Wang J, Xia Z, Sheng P, Shen M, Ding L, Liu D, Yan BC. Enhanced autophagy interacting proteins negatively correlated with the activation of apoptosis-related caspase family proteins after focal ischemic stroke of young rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:55. [PMID: 36171540 PMCID: PMC9516802 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal injury induced in young rats by cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) is known to differ substantially from that in adult rats. In the present study, we investigated the specific differences in neuronal injury induced by focal CIR between young and adult rats. Results 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining revealed a gradual increase in the infarct volume of both young and adult rats in accordance with I/R times and was significantly lower in young rats than in adult rats under the same conditions. The number of cells in the cortex showing immunoreactivity for neuronal nuclei (NeuN) gradually decreased in both young and adult rats in accordance with I/R times; these numbers were significantly higher in young rats than in adult rats under the same conditions. Similarly, as the duration of I/R increased, the degree of glial activation in the cortex penumbra region became more severe in both young and adult groups; however, glial activation was significantly lower in the cortex penumbra region of young rats when compared with that in adult rats. In addition, the expression of Beclin-1 was significantly higher in the infarct penumbra of young rats than adult rats and was more frequently co-expressed with neurons. The levels of autophagy-related proteins increased significantly in the penumbra region after I/R in both young and adult groups, this increase was more pronounced in young rats than in adult rats. Following CIR, analysis revealed significantly lower levels of pro-apoptosis-related factors and significantly higher levels of anti-apoptosis-related proteins in the young rats than in adult rats. Conclusions Collectively, the present results suggest that the the reduced levels of neuronal death after CIR in young rats were closely related to enhanced levels of autophagy and reduced levels of pro-apoptosis in neurons. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00740-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sheng
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Shen
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Ding
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225500, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.528 Zhang-Heng Road, Pu-Dong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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