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Recent insights, applications and prospects of xylose reductase: a futuristic enzyme for xylitol production. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang M, Puri AK, Wang Z, Singh S, Permaul K. A unique xylose reductase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: Effect of lignocellulosic substrates and inhibitors and applicability in lignocellulosic bioconversion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:374-381. [PMID: 30831517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the xylose reductase gene (XRTL) from Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294. The purified 39.2 kDa monomeric enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.5 and 50 °C and showed activity over a wide range of temperatures (30-70 °C) and pH (4.0-9.0), with a half-life of 1386 min at 50 °C. The enzyme preferred NADPH as cofactor and showed broad substrate specificity. The enzyme was inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+, while ferulic acid was found to be the most potent lignocellulosic inhibitor. Recombinant S. cerevisiae with the XRTL gene showed 34% higher xylitol production than the control strain. XRTL can therefore be used in a cell-free xylitol production process or as part of a pathway for utilization of xylose from lignocellulosic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adarsh Kumar Puri
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kugen Permaul
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Quehenberger J, Reichenbach T, Baumann N, Rettenbacher L, Divne C, Spadiut O. Kinetics and Predicted Structure of a Novel Xylose Reductase from Chaetomium thermophilum. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010185. [PMID: 30621365 PMCID: PMC6337131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While in search of an enzyme for the conversion of xylose to xylitol at elevated temperatures, a xylose reductase (XR) gene was identified in the genome of the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum. The gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as a His6-tagged fusion protein and characterized for function and structure. The enzyme exhibits dual cofactor specificity for NADPH and NADH and prefers D-xylose over other pentoses and investigated hexoses. A homology model based on a XR from Candida tenuis was generated and the architecture of the cofactor binding site was investigated in detail. Despite the outstanding thermophilicity of its host the enzyme is, however, not thermostable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Quehenberger
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tom Reichenbach
- KTH School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Baumann
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Rettenbacher
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christina Divne
- KTH School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Chánique AM, Parra LP. Protein Engineering for Nicotinamide Coenzyme Specificity in Oxidoreductases: Attempts and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:194. [PMID: 29491854 PMCID: PMC5817062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze an extensive range of chemical reactions with great specificity, efficiency, and selectivity. Most oxidoreductases are nicotinamide cofactor-dependent enzymes with a strong preference for NADP or NAD. Because these coenzymes differ in stability, bioavailability and costs, the enzyme preference for a specific coenzyme is an important issue for practical applications. Different approaches for the manipulation of coenzyme specificity have been reported, with different degrees of success. Here we present various attempts for the switching of nicotinamide coenzyme preference in oxidoreductases by protein engineering. This review covers 103 enzyme engineering studies from 82 articles and evaluates the accomplishments in terms of coenzyme specificity and catalytic efficiency compared to wild type enzymes of different classes. We analyzed different protein engineering strategies and related them with the degree of success in inverting the cofactor specificity. In general, catalytic activity is compromised when coenzyme specificity is reversed, however when switching from NAD to NADP, better results are obtained. In most of the cases, rational strategies were used, predominantly with loop exchange generating the best results. In general, the tendency of removing acidic residues and incorporating basic residues is the strategy of choice when trying to change specificity from NAD to NADP, and vice versa. Computational strategies and algorithms are also covered as helpful tools to guide protein engineering strategies. This mini review aims to give a general introduction to the topic, giving an overview of tools and information to work in protein engineering for the reversal of coenzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Chánique
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto P Parra
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dasgupta D, Ghosh D, Bandhu S, Agrawal D, Suman SK, Adhikari DK. Purification, characterization and molecular docking study of NADPH dependent xylose reductase from thermotolerant Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang M, Jiang ST, Zheng Z, Li XJ, Luo SZ, Wu XF. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel xylose reductase fromRhizopus oryzae. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:907-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Shao-tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Xing-jiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Shui-zhong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Xue-feng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
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Rafiqul ISM, Sakinah AMM. Biochemical properties of xylose reductase prepared from adapted strain of Candida tropicalis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:387-99. [PMID: 25300602 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Xylose reductase (XR) is an intracellular enzyme, which catalyzes xylose to xylitol conversion in the microbes. It has potential biotechnological applications in the manufacture of various commercially important specialty bioproducts including xylitol. This study aimed to prepare XR from adapted strain of Candida tropicalis and to characterize it. The XR was isolated from adapted C. tropicalis, cultivated on Meranti wood sawdust hemicellulosic hydrolysate (MWSHH)-based medium, via ultrasonication, and was characterized based on enzyme activity, stability, and kinetic parameters. It was specific to NADPH with an activity of 11.16 U/mL. The enzyme was stable at pH 5-7 and temperature of 25-40 °C for 24 h and retained above 95 % of its original activity after 4 months of storage at -80 °C. The K m of XR for xylose and NADPH were 81.78 mM and 7.29 μM while the V max for them were 178.57 and 12.5 μM/min, respectively. The high V max and low K m values of XR for xylose reflect a highly productive reaction among XR and xylose. MWSHH can be a promising xylose source for XR preparation from yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S M Rafiqul
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Rafiqul I, Sakinah A. Production of xylose reductase from adapted Candida tropicalis grown in sawdust hydrolysate. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fernandes S, Murray P. Metabolic engineering for improved microbial pentose fermentation. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:424-8. [PMID: 21468211 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.6.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global concern over the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and the detrimental impact that combustion of these materials has on the environment, is focusing attention on initiatives to create sustainable approaches for the production and use of biofuels from various biomass substrates. The development of a low-cost, safe and eco-friendly process for the utilization of renewable resources to generate value-added products with biotechnological potential as well as robust microorganisms capable of efficient fermentation of all types of sugars are essential to underpin the economic production of biofuels from biomass feedstocks. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the most established fermentation yeast used in large scale bioconversion strategies, does not however metabolise the pentose sugars, xylose and arabinose and bioengineering is required for introduction of efficient pentose metabolic pathways and pentose sugar transport proteins for bioconversion of these substrates. Our approach provided a basis for future experiments that may ultimately lead to the development of industrial S. cerevisiae strains engineered to express pentose metabolising proteins from thermophilic fungi living on decaying plant material and here we expand our original article and discuss the strategies implemented to improve pentose fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernandes
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Zhang B, Zhang L, Wang D, Gao X, Hong J. Identification of a xylose reductase gene in the xylose metabolic pathway of Kluyveromyces marxianus NBRC1777. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:2001-10. [PMID: 21643709 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kluyveromyces marxianus is thermotolerant yeast that is able to utilize a wider range of substrates and has greater thermal tolerance than most other yeast species. K. marxianus can assimilate xylose, but its ability to produce ethanol from xylose in oxygen-limited environments is poor. In the present study, the K. marxianus xylose reductase (KmXR) gene (Kmxyl1) was cloned and the recombinant enzyme was characterized to clarify the factors that limit xylose fermentation in K. marxianus NBRC1777. KmXR is a key enzyme in the xylose metabolism of K. marxianus, which was verified by disruption of the Kmxyl1 gene. The Km of the recombinant KmXR for NADPH is 65.67 μM and KmXR activity is 1.295 U/mg, which is lower than those of most reported yeast XRs, and the enzyme has no activity with coenzyme NADH. This result demonstrates that the XR from K. marxianus is highly coenzyme specific; combined with the extremely low XDH activity of K. marxianus with NADP+, the limitation of xylose fermentation is due to a redox imbalance under anaerobic conditions and low KmXR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
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Santos Milessi TSD, Chandel AK, Freitas Branco RD, da Silva SS. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Inoculum Concentration on Xylose Reductase Production from <i>Candida guilliermondii</i> Using Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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