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Hull R, Mbele M, Makhafola T, Hicks C, Wang SM, Reis RM, Mehrotra R, Mkhize-Kwitshana Z, Kibiki G, Bates DO, Dlamini Z. Cervical cancer in low and middle-income countries. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2058-2074. [PMID: 32782524 PMCID: PMC7400218 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour that occurs in the cervix and is classified into two histological types, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); SCC is more common and accounts for 70% of all cases. In 2018 there were ~569,000 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed worldwide and ~311,000 deaths were attributed to cervical cancer. Of these, between 84 and 90% occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa, India, China and Brazil. The most common cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection caused by the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus. Other factors that contribute to the incidence of cervical cancer include geography, traditional practices and beliefs, the screening levels, socioeconomic status, healthcare access, public awareness, use of oral contraceptives, smoking and co-infection with HIV. An estimated 11 million women from LMICs will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in the next 10-20 years. The aim of this review was to explore various types of genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the development, progression or suppression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mzwandile Mbele
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Tshepiso Makhafola
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Chindo Hicks
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Centre, School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shao-Ming Wang
- National Cancer Centre, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Centre, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Sao Paulo 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Gibson Kibiki
- East African Health Research Commission, East African Community, Bujumbura, Bujumbura Mairie 350, Burundi
| | - David O. Bates
- Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Gashi G, Mahovlić V, Manxhuka-Kerliu S, Podrimaj-Bytyqi A, Gashi L, Elezaj IR. The association between micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds frequency and the degree of uterine cervical lesions. Biomarkers 2018; 23:364-372. [PMID: 29338484 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1428828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The loss of genomic stability plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is imperative to use certain biomarkers of DNA damage due to genomic instability in order to predict cancer risk. The aim of this study was the evaluation of genomic instability in patients with cervical lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the genetic damages in 80 subjects: 40 patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 20 patients with invasive squamous cervical cancer (SCC) and 20 healthy women with a biomarker in two different tissues; the micronucleus (MN) test in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and in buccal exfoliated cells (BEC). This study also examined the frequency of other nuclear anomalies such as nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear bunds (NBUDs) in PBL. RESULTS The frequency of MN in BEC, MN in PBL, NPB in PBL and NBUD in PBL were significantly higher (p < 0.001), in patients compared to controls. The DNA damages in BEC and PBL were correlated positively with histological grade of cervical lesions. CONCLUSION Although larger studies are needed, our data support the predictive value of MN, NPB and NBUD as biomarkers of genomic instability for evaluation of risk level of cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goneta Gashi
- a Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Prishtina , Prishtina , Kosovo
| | - Vesna Mahovlić
- b Department of Pathology and Cytology , Clinical Unit of Gynecological Cytology, University Hospital Center , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Suzana Manxhuka-Kerliu
- a Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Prishtina , Prishtina , Kosovo
| | - Arjeta Podrimaj-Bytyqi
- a Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Prishtina , Prishtina , Kosovo
| | - Luljeta Gashi
- c Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Prishtina , Prishtina , Kosovo
| | - Isa R Elezaj
- d Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , University of Prishtina , Prishtina , Kosovo
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Haverkos HW, Haverkos GP, O'Mara M. Co-carcinogenesis: Human Papillomaviruses, Coal Tar Derivatives, and Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2253. [PMID: 29180993 PMCID: PMC5688379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancers among women worldwide. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a major role in the etiology of CC, with several lines of epidemiologic and experimental evidence supporting a role for non-viral (co-carcinogens) and host genetic factors in controlling the risk for progression to neoplasia among HPV-infected individuals. The role of co-carcinogens in the development of CC is significant in the developing world where poor sanitation and other socio-economic conditions increase the infectious cancer burden. Here, we discuss how exposure to environmental factors such as coal tar derivatives from cigarette smoking, tar-based sanitary products, and inhaled smoke from biomass-burning stoves, could activate host pathways involved in development of HPV-associated squamous cell cancers in resource-limited settings. Understanding interactions between these pathways with certain oncogenic HPV genotypes may guide implementation of strategies for control and treatment of HPV-associated cancers that develop in populations at high risk of exposure to various co-carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Haverkos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Jia H, Wang X, Long Z, Li L. Human papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia in female sex workers in Northeast China: an observational study. BMC Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26202513 PMCID: PMC4512111 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women having multiple sex partners are reportedly at an increased risk of HPV infection. However, the prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection in female sex workers (FSWs) vary considerably across racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection in FSWs in Northeast China. Methods A total of 309 FSWs identified and approached through a local police office and 1000 healthy subjects from a single factor undergoing annual gynecological examinations in Shenyang were recruited. A liquid-based ThinPrep Pap test and the Hybrid Capture II-based high-risk HPV DNA test, with or without a colposcopic examination, were performed on both FSWs and control subjects. Data on HPV infection and histological and cytological lesions of the cervix were obtained and analyzed. A questionnaire survey was administered to all 309 FSWs with their socio-demographic and behavioral information collected. The association of various socio-demographic and behavioral variables with HPV infection was assessed. Results HPV was significantly more prevalent in FSWs (61.90 %) than in healthy control subjects (21.00 %) (P < 0.01), so were cervical lesions (P < 0.01). HPV prevalence in our sample of FSWs fell in the upper range of reported values in FSWs across different countries, and was similar to that for FSWs in the southeast Chinese city of Huzhou but higher than that for FSWs in southwest China, Guangxi, as compared with data from other studies within China. HPV infection in FSWs was significantly associated with the age at first sexual intercourse (OR 0.699, 95 % CI 0.492–0.992) and post-menopause (OR 2.928, 95 % CI 1.099–7.800) (P < 0.05). Conclusions FSWs are at a substantially high risk of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia development as compared with healthy control subjects in Shenyang, China. Age of first sexual intercourse and post-menopause are two independent risk factors for HPV infection in this special group of population. Intensified and coordinated efforts from government, public health sector, communities and families are needed to reduce the risk of HPV infection in this specific group of population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Jia
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Hospital, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China.
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Hospital, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China.
| | - Zaiqiu Long
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Hospital, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China.
| | - Liankun Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Hospital, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China.
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Datta NR, Singh S, Kumar P, Gupta D. Human papillomavirus confers radiosensitivity in cancer cervix: a hypothesis toward a possible restoration of apoptotic pathways based on clinical outcomes. Future Oncol 2015; 11:1363-71. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim: To evaluate if high baseline local human papillomavirus (HPV) titer confers radiosensitivity in cancer cervix. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the clinical outcomes. Materials & methods: 121 serial HPV titers from cervical smears of 21 patients were estimated during radiotherapy (RT) and correlated with RT dose–response curves, local response and local disease-free survival (LDFS). Results: Local response (p = 0.04) and LDFS (p = 0.06) were better in high HPV than low HPV baseline group. On multivariate analysis, RT doses for 50% tumor regression and baseline HPV titer were the only predictors for LDFS. Conclusion: Serial reductions of HPV titers following RT could restore the HPV induced temporarily downregulated p53 and pRb apoptotic pathways resulting in radiosensitivity of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloy Ranjan Datta
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- Presently at, Centre for Radiation Oncology, KSA-KSB, Cantonal Hospital of Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- National Clinical Reference Laboratory, Delhi, India
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