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Nemati S, Haghani Dogahe M, Saberi A, Ramezani N, Kiani P, Yaghubi Kalurazi T, Kazemnejad Leili E, Seddighi S, Monsef A. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related anosmia: A preliminary comparative study. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:105-112. [PMID: 38855283 PMCID: PMC11156679 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection is commonly associated with olfactory dysfunctions, but the basic pathogenesis of these complications remains controversial. This study seeks to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in determining the molecular neurometabolite alterations within the main brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related anosmia. Methods In a cross-sectional study, seven patients with persistent COVID-19-related anosmia (mean age: 29.57 years) and seven healthy volunteers (mean age: 27.28 years) underwent MRS in which N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and their ratios were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insular cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Data were analyzed using TARQUIN software (version 4.3.10), and the results were compared with an independent sample t-test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test based on the normality of the MRS data distribution. Results The mean duration of anosmia before imaging was 8.5 months in COVID-19-related anosmia group. MRS analysis elucidated a significant association between MRS findings within OFC and COVID-19-related anosmia (P disease < 0.01), and NAA was among the most important neurometabolites (P interaction = 0.006). Reduced levels of NAA (P < 0.001), Cr (P < 0.001) and NAA/Cho ratio (P = 0.007) within OFC characterize COVID-19-related anosmia. Conclusions This study emphasizes that MRS can be illuminating in COVID-19-related anosmia and indicates a possible association between central nervous system impairment and persistent COVID-19-related anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadman Nemati
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgerySchool of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Mohammad Haghani Dogahe
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgerySchool of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
- Guilan Road Trauma Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtGuilanIran
| | - Alia Saberi
- Department of NeurologyNeuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Naghi Ramezani
- Department of RadiologyPars International HospitalGuilan ProvinceIran
| | - Pejman Kiani
- Department of RadiologyPars International HospitalGuilan ProvinceIran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction StudiesSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehranIran
| | - Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRazi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | | | - Sara Seddighi
- Guilan Road Trauma Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtGuilanIran
| | - Abbas Monsef
- Center of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Wei G, Gu J, Gu Z, Du C, Huang X, Xing H, Li L, Zhang A, Hu X, Huo J. Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review. Front Neurol 2022; 12:783249. [PMID: 35115994 PMCID: PMC8805677 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.783249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is wreaking havoc on public-health and economic systems worldwide. Among the several neurological symptoms of patients with COVID-19 reported in clinical practice, olfactory dysfunction (OD) is the most common. OD occurs as the earliest or the only clinical manifestation in some patients. Increasing research attention has focused on OD, which is listed as one of the main diagnostic symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection. Multiple clinical and basic-science studies on COVID-19-induced OD are underway to clarify the underlying mechanism of action. In this review, we summarize the clinical characteristics, mechanisms, evaluation methods, prognosis, and treatment options of COVID-19-induced OD. In this way, we hope to improve the understanding of COVID-19-induced OD to aid early identification and precise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Gu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Third Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhancheng Gu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Third Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Third Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingchang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxing Hu
| | - Jiege Huo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiege Huo
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Alijanpour S, Saadat P, Shokri M, Saadat S, Khodami A. Iranian Smell Diagnostic Test in Covid-19 Disease; Report of Covid-19 Center of North of Iran. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022; 13:204-210. [PMID: 35872690 PMCID: PMC9272960 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.13.0.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is a pandemic coronavirus that causes the COVID-19 syndrome. In the pandemic of COVID-19 many patients were affected to new onset olfactory dysfunction. Since there is a dearth of research studies regarding the standard smell test, the present study was conducted to fill this gap. Methods The present retrospective cohort study was conducted on 250 clients with or without diagnosis of Covid-19 disease who referred to Covid-19 centers of North of Iran. Two groups were matched for age and sex. Data were collected by examination, demographic and clinical information questionnaire and Iranian smell diagnostic test. The binary logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio value in SPSS version 23.0 was used. Results One-hundred cases (42.2%) had hyposmia and 20 cases (8.4%) were found to have anosmia. Type of covid-19 sign and symptom were statistically significant with olfactory dysfunction (41 cases, 31.8%), fever (28 cases, 21.7%), weakness and dyspnea (15 cases, 11.6%), (p=0.0001). The urban residency equal OR=6.42 (3.04-13.53) to rural residency for olfactory dysfunction (p=0.0001). Covid-19 patients' OR=61.25 (27.36-137.11) chance to be affected by the olfactory dysfunction in compare to control group (p=0.0001). Also, with increasing age, chance of olfactory dysfunction changed from OR=0.61(1.16-0.13) to OR=1.89 (0.82-4.33). Furthermore, female chance OR=1.21 (0.72-2.03) and employee patients was OR=2.29 (1.30-4.04) to olfactory dysfunction. Conclusion Alf of the patients were affected by olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, Covid-19 patients, urban residency, lower age, female and employee were the prognostic factors for olfactory dysfunction. The standard olfactory tests such as IR-SIT is suggested for screening and detecting the clients probably affected by covid-19 especially in younger ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Alijanpour
- Student Scientific Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran,Education, Research and Planning Unit, Pre-hospital Emergency Organization and Emergency Medical Service Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Payam Saadat
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Correspondence: Payam Saadat, Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. E-mail: , Tel: 0098 1132383454, Fax: 0098 1132383454
| | - Mehran Shokri
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sepanta Saadat
- Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azam Khodami
- Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Otte MS, Bork ML, Zimmermann PH, Klußmann JP, Lüers JC. Patients with COVID-19-associated olfactory impairment also show impaired trigeminal function. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 49:147-151. [PMID: 34366241 PMCID: PMC8310725 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Next to olfactory function, the nose can also perceive chemestetic sensations mediated by the trigeminal nerve. While olfactory dysfunction as a symptom of COVID-19 is well described, there has been little research on the limitation of other nasal sensory inputs due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to determine possible limitations of nasal chemesthesis after COVID-19 infection by a psychophysiological diagnostic tool. Methods In 65 patients with a PCR-confirmed, former COVID-19 disease, olfaction was tested by means of a sniffin' sticks test, tasting by taste sprays and chemesthesis with a menthol dilution series. The subjective self-assessment of the patients was recorded via a questionnaire. Results We found a restriction of nasal chemesthesis and the extent correlated with the loss of smell, as well as with the values of the taste score, but not with subjective self-assessment. Conclusion Not only the ability to smell and taste, but also nasal chemesthesis is affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sylvester Otte
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne 50924, Germany.
| | - Marie-Luise Bork
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne 50924, Germany
| | - Philipp Heinrich Zimmermann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne 50924, Germany
| | - Jens Peter Klußmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne 50924, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoffer Lüers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne 50924, Germany
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