Correlation of paraoxonase1 activities with birth weight

Oxidative stress biomarkers for fetal growth restriction in umbilical cord blood: A scoping review

Fetal growth restriction and underlying placental insufficiency are associated with increased oxidative stress. Current diagnostics fail to identify all growth restricted fetuses and newborns, due to focus on small size. This scoping review aims to summarize the available evidence on usefulness of cord blood oxidative stress biomarkers for identification of growth restricted newborns in need of monitoring and support because of associated health risks. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception to May 2024. Studies were included if oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in cord blood collected immediately after delivery in newborns suspected to be growth restricted. Biomarkers were categorized based on the origin and/or biological function and their interrelationships. Oxidative stress was determined for each individual biomarker and category. Literature search identified 78 studies on 39 different biomarkers, with a total of 2707 newborns with suspected growth restriction, and 4568 controls. Total oxidant/antioxidant status, catalase, glutathione, ischemia-modified albumin, and nucleated red blood cells were most consistently associated with suspected growth restriction. Reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species, factors in their production, antioxidant enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and products of oxidative stress were not consistently associated. This review collates the evidence of associations between cord blood oxidative stress biomarkers and growth restriction. Total oxidant/antioxidant status, catalase, glutathione, ischemia-modified albumin, and nucleated red blood cells could potentially be candidates for developing a cord blood diagnostic tool for future clinical use.

The Paraoxonase 1 Arylesterase Activity, Total Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide and Vitamin C Levels in Maternal Serum, and Their Relation to Birth Weight of Newborn

AIM

Aim of this study is to find out clinical relevance of estimating PON1 arylesterase activity, total oxidative stress (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), and vitamin C levels in maternal serum for prediction of birth weight of newborn.

METHODS

We have investigated the PON1 arylesterase activity, TOS, NO, vitamin C, total protein, and albumin levels in 56 postnatal clinic patients having newborn weighing <2500 gm (low birth weight) and compared with 56 postnatal clinic patients having newborn weighing >2500 gm. Samples were collected immediately after delivery.

RESULTS

PON1 arylesterase activity levels show significant decrease in cases as compared to controls (93.27 ± 13.76 kU/l vs. 112.77 ± 9.42 kU/l). Nitric oxide (nitrate + nitrite) levels are also found to be significantly decreased in cases with respect to controls (22.89 ± 2.65 umol/l vs. 24.73 ± 3.80 umol/l). Total oxidative stress is significantly increased in cases than in control subjects (23.34 ± 2.64 μmol H2O2 equiv./l vs. ± 21.43 ± 2.47 μmol H2O2 equiv/l). Vitamin C levels are also significantly decreased in cases as compared to controls (1.23 ± 0.25 mg/dl vs. 1.34 ± 0.28 mg/dl). Positive correlation between neonatal birth weight and maternal serum PON1 arylesterase activity (r = 0.682, p < 0.05) while negative correlation is obtained between neonatal birth weight and maternal serum oxidative stress (r = -0.478, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis is applied for assessing predictive utility which demonstrated a significant association of birth weight with PON1 arylesterase activity (AUC = 0.960, Naglekerke's R (2) = 0.793, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Decreased arylesterase activity and antioxidant vitamin C levels with increased total oxidative stress in maternal serum may be considered as the additional risk factors for the development of low birth weight newborn.