S AK, Wasnik A, Gupta L, Ranjan A, Suresh H. Effectiveness of interventions to improve vaccine efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Syst Rev 2025;
14:105. [PMID:
40346627 PMCID:
PMC12063308 DOI:
10.1186/s13643-025-02856-6]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Vaccination is a crucial public health intervention that has significantly reduced the incidence of infectious diseases. Vaccine-related interventions refer to strategies implemented to enhance vaccination uptake, coverage, and effectiveness, like modes of delivery, types or dosages. Despite extensive research on vaccine efficacy, a comprehensive analysis of the variability in vaccine effectiveness across different interventions, settings, and populations is limited. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze the impact of various Vaccine-Related Interventions (VRIs).
METHODS
This review included 139 randomized controlled trials, cohort, and case-control studies evaluating VRIs from January 2015 to December 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROB-2 and ROBINS-E tools. Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate overall effect sizes, infection rates, and heterogeneity and subgroup analysis.
RESULTS
Of the 139 studies reviewed, 97 were included in the meta-analysis, comprising approximately 1.4 million participants. Populations across various settings were analyzed, with median vaccinated population sizes for the 1st dose (4598, IQR = 15,749), 2nd dose (6214, IQR = 13,817), and 3rd dose (3508, IQR = 5546). The overall total vaccinated population had a median of 4370 and an IQR of 16,475. The interventions showed a significant positive effect on vaccine efficacy, with an estimated effect size of 0.6432 (95% CI 0.4049 to 0.8815). Heterogeneity was negligible, with Tau2 = 0, I2 = 0.00%, and H2 = 1.00. The Galbraith plot suggested minimal variability. The study utilized ROB-2 and ROBINS-E tools to evaluate bias, with Egger's test (t = - 0.9941, p = 0.3227) confirming no significant publication bias. The funnel plot indicated minimal bias in the included studies.
CONCLUSION
The study supports the effectiveness of vaccine-related interventions in enhancing vaccine efficacy. The negligible heterogeneity and consistent effect sizes across diverse populations and settings provide a robust basis for implementing public health strategies aimed at improving vaccination outcomes.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42024543608.
Collapse