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Thakur V. Modified single-step apexification and strengthening of thin dentinal walls with Biodentine. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:214-218. [PMID: 38463468 PMCID: PMC10923217 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_239_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Apexification is a technique used to create a mineralized barrier in a root having an open apex or to continue the apical growth of a root that is still not fully developed in teeth with necrotic pulps. Biodentine is a versatile material which can help in achieving apical closure as well as reinforcement of thin dentinal walls, thus improving the overall prognosis and preserving the natural dentition. In the present case, the radiographic evaluation showed thinner dentinal walls and an open apex with periapical radiolucency in relation to the upper right central incisor. The large open root apex and thin dentin walls of immature permanent teeth render them challenging to treat with root canal therapy. This case report describes a modified single-step apexification procedure and strengthening of the dentinal walls of the root canal using Biodentine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Thakur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Himachal Pradesh Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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2
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Kharkova LY, Korolenkova MV. [The quality of dental care in children with permanent teeth trauma according to analysis of medical records in an emergency unit of a municipal dental clinic]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2024; 103:41-47. [PMID: 38372606 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202410301141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
THE AIM OF THE STUDY Was to assess the efficacy and timing of emergency dental care in children with permanent teeth trauma according to analysis of medical records in an emergency unit of a municipal dental clinic. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 320 medical records of pediatric patients admitted to emergency dental care unit of a municipal dental clinic in 2021 because of maxillofacial trauma from which 221 records of children with acute dental trauma were extracted. The quality of documentation of the medical records, rationale for diagnosis and adequacy of emergency dental treatment were analyzed. RESULTS No records included diagnosis code according to ICD-10. Trauma history was described in the majority of records by in 67% of them no trauma time was stated with proper precision. In 67.6% of permanent teeth trauma cases emergency aid was carried out inadequately. All patients with uncomplicated crown fractures were dismissed with no treatment. In complicated crown fractures needing pulp vitality preservation the pulp was devitalized or just anesthetized. Tooth replantation in avulsion cases was not performed. In 13.5% of records the treatment was not properly described. In 67.6% of records there were no recommendations for follow-ups. CONCLUSION There is a strong need for the improvement of knowledge of traumatic dental injuries management among Russian pediatric dentists by elaboration and implementation of protocols for dental traumas treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Kharkova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Korolenkova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Regional Research Institute named after M.F. Vladimirskiy, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Alani A, Tewari N, Calvert G. Contemporary issues in the management of dental trauma. Br Dent J 2023; 235:946-956. [PMID: 38102262 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-6564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries requires a multifaceted understanding of the pathological and psychological impact over a patient's lifetime. The legacy of dental trauma injuries can have repercussions for the dentition and supporting tissues, requiring complicated multidisciplinary clinical input. Foresight is required to ensure optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes. Mitigating risks and maximising benefits in patients presenting with polytrauma can be challenging, but if optimally managed at the acute presentation, the long-term burden to the patient and the clinician is reduced. This paper aims to discuss the contemporary clinical dilemmas, challenges and controversies related to the management of dental trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws Alani
- King´s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nitesh Tewari
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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4
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li Q, Wang J, Zhang M. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiological characteristics of permanent dental injury in Xi'an of China: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35358. [PMID: 37773846 PMCID: PMC10545125 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major global concern, seriously affecting the lives and health of the population. This retrospective study aimed to investigate changes in permanent tooth injury in the Xi'an area of China influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The medical records of 466 dental emergency patients in 2019 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The number of injured teeth in a single patient, the number of injury types, the time from injury to hospital visit and follow-up visits within 1 year before and after the pandemic were analyzed using the chi-squared test and the paired t-test. There was significant difference in the number of emergency patients and trauma types before and during COVID-19 pandemic (P < .05). The time from injury to hospital visit and the interval between the trauma event and visit showed longer during the COVID-19 pandemic (P < .05). The rate of on-time follow-up in the following year was significantly decreased, and the rates of delayed visits and patients lost to follow-up were significantly increased (P < .05). The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic brought a certain change in the epidemiological characteristics of dental injury in the Xi'an area of China. Dental emergency departments should provide even more timely and effective treatments. It is also necessary to strengthen public education, with emphasis on the importance of timely medical treatment and regular follow-up for dental trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziheng Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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5
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Firmiano TC, de Morais GRS, Oliveira AA, Arruda KEM, Silva MAGS, Veríssimo C. The effect of pulp volume and impact direction on the stress and strain distribution during an impact. Dent Traumatol 2023; 39:214-222. [PMID: 36688517 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Dentoalveolar trauma has a high incidence in different age groups, including the extremes, children, and older people. Mouth aging leads to some changes, one of them being the pulp volume reduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different pulp cavity volumes and the impact direction on the stress and strain distribution of a maxillary central incisor. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty cone beam computed tomography sets of images were selected and the pulp cavity volume was measured by ITK-SNAP software. The mean pulp cavity volume for age group of 10- to 12-year-olds was calculated to obtain the largest one. Subsequent reductions (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) in the pulp volume values were made to simulate the aging process. The maxilla anterior segment was modeled in the Rhinoceros 5.0 software. The three-dimensional volumetric mesh was generated using the Patran software (MSC. Software), with isoparametrics, 4-noded tetrahedral elements, and exported to Marc/Mentat (MSC. Software) as element number 134. A non-linear dynamic impact analysis was performed in which a steel ball reached the central incisor at a speed of 5 m/s in the horizontal or vertical direction. The stresses were evaluated by modified von Mises stresses. The strains and the total displacement were also recorded. RESULTS The pulp volume mean value for the age group of 10- to 12-year-olds was 65.05 mm3 . Stress concentrations were slightly different for the different pulp volumes. Impact directions resulted in different stress distribution. Higher stress values were present with the horizontal impact (range between 25.18 MPa and 24.08 MPa for enamel and 38.89 MPa and 37.03 for dentin) when compared to vertical impact (range between 15.30 MPa and 14.58 for enamel and 24.77 to 22.03 MPa for dentin). Total displacement was different for the two impact directions and higher for the horizontal impact. CONCLUSION Pulp volume did not significantly affect the stress, strain, and total displacement during the impact but the impact direction did affect the evaluated parameters during impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Crisnicaw Veríssimo
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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6
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Caetano GM, Slomp C, Andrade JP, Spohr AM, Kunrath MF. Partial Ceramic Veneer Technique for Challenging Esthetic Frontal Restorative Procedures. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11040101. [PMID: 37185479 PMCID: PMC10136758 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal darkened teeth have shown to be one of the most challenging treatments for esthetic dentistry in recent years. This case report, along with a 30-month follow-up, describes the application of a partial ceramic veneer, restricted to the mid-cervical third region, made in the upper left central incisor darkened by trauma. The procedure consisted of maintenance of the entire incisal face, as well as esthetic and morphological rehabilitation of the smile line with veneers and ultra-thin partial ceramic veneers. The planning process was thoroughly elaborated by photographs, study models, a virtual smile designed, diagnostic waxing, and reproduction in the patient's mouth through mock-up. Following, dental home bleaching, esthetic gingival contouring, and minimally invasive tooth preparation were performed. Two types of glass ceramics (lithium disilicate and feldspathic) were used in different regions due to the peculiar characteristics of resistance, finishing, and polishing. According to the present case report, preparing a cervical partial ceramic veneer is an innovative, viable, and safe approach to maintaining the incisal portion of the tooth preserved and setting a detailed tooth morphology/color. The application of partial ceramic veneer provides incisal edge preservation and simplifies the reproduction of the adjacent tooth characteristics, avoiding multiple esthetic appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marotto Caetano
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Cilea Slomp
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Jonas Pereira Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Spohr
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Marcel Ferreira Kunrath
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tewari N, Mathur VP, Goel S, Rahul M, Srivastav S, Sultan F, Haldar P, Ritwik P. Does dental trauma have impact on the oral health-related quality of life of children and adolescents? Evid Based Dent 2023; 24:41. [PMID: 36878983 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-023-00849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does dental trauma have impact on the oral health-related quality of life of children and adolescents? RESEARCH PROTOCOL Protocol was designed as per the best practices of evidence-based medicine, guidelines for umbrella reviews and registered in PROSPERO. LITERATURE SEARCH PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Sciences and Lilacs were searched for studies meeting the inclusion criteria from start of databases to 15th July 2021. Grey literature and registries of systematic review protocols were also searched. Hand searching of the references of included articles was also performed. The literature search was updated on 15th October 2021. Scrutiny of the titles and abstracts and later full text was done as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Self-designed pre-piloted form was used by two reviewers. QUALITY APPRAISAL AMSTAR-2 was used to assess the quality of systematic reviews, PRISMA was used to check reporting-characteristics and citation-matrix was used to evaluate study-overlap. Quality of evidence was assessed by using Kohler's-criteria. DATA ANALYSIS Qualitative synthesis was performed for describing the study characteristics, details of sampling and the tool of OHRQoL used. The meta-analytic data was used for evaluating the evidence and its strength for each of the outcomes. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION A significant impact of all types of TDI on OHRQoL in children and adolescents was observed. The effect of uncomplicated TDI on OHRQoL in children and all ages showed no difference from controls. Though the quality of evidence in these interpretations was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Tewari
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vijay P Mathur
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubhi Goel
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Morankar Rahul
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Farheen Sultan
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Partha Haldar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanshi Ritwik
- University of Texas Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Prevalence of Dental Trauma and Their Relationship to Risk Factors among 8-15-Year-Old School Children. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:3343827. [PMID: 36589212 PMCID: PMC9800100 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3343827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tooth injuries lead to functional, aesthetic, and psychological disorders, accompanied by the great concern of the child, the parents, and the dentist. Aim (a) To assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injury (TDI) and its relationship to risk variables among 8-15-year-old school children in Mahbubnagar, India. (b) To collect baseline data as there are limited reports of TDI studies in South India to date. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 6643 children from 78 schools in Mahbubnagar using a multilevel random sampling method. The permanent incisors were examined according to the WHO classification using a standard oral mirror and probe. Individuals with clinical evidence of trauma were asked about the details of the injury event using a structured questionnaire. The chi-square test analyzed the distribution of all measurements in this study with a statistical significance of 0.05. Results Among the 6643 children from the 78 schools surveyed, 9.3% experienced TDI. TDI occurred in 68% of boys, which was about twice as high in girls at 32%. The most commonly affected teeth were the maxillary central incisors. A higher number of children with an incisal overjet more significant than 3 mm had TDI than the children less than 3 mm, although this difference was not statistically significant. The lip closure incompetence was more common in children with TDI. The most frequent causes of TDI were falls, and the site of occurrence was school. Type I fractures were the most prevalent and most went untreated. Conclusion The high level of dental trauma and the low percentage of children with trauma seeking treatment emphasize the need for greater awareness among the Mahbubnagar children.
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Rane M, de Ataide I, Fernandes M. Apexification and dentinal wall reinforcement using Biodentine and glass fiber post. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:98-100. [PMID: 35722064 PMCID: PMC9200175 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_533_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 21-year-old male patient reported with chief complaint of pain in the upper front teeth. Clinical examination revealed tooth fracture in teeth # 11, 21, and prior attempted endodontic treatment. The radiographic examination revealed periapical radiolucency in relation to upper central incisors with thinning of dentinal walls. The upper left central incisor had grossly diminished root canal dentin walls with immature apex, whereas the upper right central incisor had moderate loss of dentin from the root canal wall with an open apex. Hence, it was decided to extract the upper left central incisor, whereas apexification and root canal dentin wall reinforcement with Biodentine were carried out for the upper right central incisor. The patient was asymptomatic at 1-, 4-, and 6-month follow-up visits.
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Gurzhiy OV, Kolomiiets SV, Kulay OO. INJURY OF TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TEETH IN CHILDREN: THERAPUTIC APPROACH. BULLETIN OF PROBLEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29254/2077-4214-2022-4-167-35-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Tozar KN, Yapıcı Yavuz G. Reliability of information on YouTube™ regarding pediatric dental trauma. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:772-778. [PMID: 34289239 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Traumatic dental injuries are a common health problem in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the video contents on YouTube™ regarding traumatic dental injuries in children taking into account the information of IADT, and to analyze whether it is useful for patients and dentists. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search was performed on YouTube™ using the search term "trauma in pediatric dentistry" with the default filter set to "sort by relevance". Based on this search, 127 videos were included. Demographic data such as the source, type, duration, upload date, number of likes and dislikes, interaction index, and viewing rate of the videos were recorded. Using a 23-point scale for video content analysis, they were classified into groups as low, moderate, and high content. RESULTS A total of 127 videos were analyzed. Most of the videos were uploaded by healthcare professionals (n = 90; 70.8%). The average length of the videos was 16.4 min (range: 0.6-122.9 min; median: 7.8). The average number of views of each video was 3702.9 views (range: 4-87 103). The average interaction index (views/day) was 2.4 views (range: 0.00-19.5). The average viewing rate was 522.3 (range: 1.8-6381.2). The average number of "likes" was 45.0 (range: 0-619) and the average number of "dislikes" was 2.1 (range: 0-81). The mean number of days since the uploading of the video was 772.8 days (range: 23-3805). Most of the videos (94.4%, n = 120) were educational videos and 27 (21.2%), 40 (31.4%), and 60 (47.2%) were classified as high-content, moderate-content, and low-content groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS YouTube™ videos can be a useful resource for dental trauma in children. However, there is a need to improve the quality of YouTube™ videos uploaded by oral health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamile Nur Tozar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Günay Yapıcı Yavuz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
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12
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Elfrink MEC, Heijdra JSC, Krikken JB, Kouwenberg-Bruring WH, Kouwenberg H, Weerheijm KL, Veerkamp JSJ. Regenerative endodontic therapy: a follow-up of 47 anterior traumatised teeth. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2020; 22:469-477. [PMID: 33245524 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To collect long-term survival data in anterior traumatised teeth on the outcome of Regenerative Endodontic Treatments (RET) with a network of dentists working in different clinics to overcome the problem of anecdotical evidence. METHODS The seven dentists from Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP) performed RET treatments following the same protocol in five different secondary dental care clinics in the Netherlands. Treatment resulting in pain, apical problems, sinus tracts, resorption or fracture were considered as failure of treatment. RESULTS 47 teeth in 38 children were treated between January 2009 and September 2017 and had at least 6 month follow-up (mean 35 months). Apical closure was seen in 27 teeth (25 cases) and root length growth in 6 teeth (6 cases). Thickening of the root walls was seen in 20 teeth (20 cases) and obliteration of the root canal in 30 teeth (25 cases). Of 38 teeth with apical inflammation at the start of treatment, no radiographic sign of apical inflammation was visible at 3 months in 13 of 28 teeth; taking up to 42 months for radiographic signs of apical inflammation to be not visible. Nineteen of 35 teeth showed discoloration at the beginning of treatment. After 18 months two teeth showed signs of ankylosis, but were still functional. After 36 months one more tooth showed signs of new apical inflammation and 2 months later it was extracted. CONCLUSIONS With three failures in 47 treated teeth, RET seems to be a promising treatment for difficult to treat anterior traumatised teeth with an open apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E C Elfrink
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland. .,Mondzorgcentrum Nijverdal, Nijverdal, The Netherlands.
| | - J S C Heijdra
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland.,Tandartspraktijk Puntgaaf, Barneveld, The Netherlands
| | - J B Krikken
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland.,Kindermondzorgcentrum Snoet, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W H Kouwenberg-Bruring
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland.,Tandartsenpraktijk Kouwenberg-Bruring, Doetinchem, The Netherlands
| | - H Kouwenberg
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland.,Tandartsenpraktijk Kouwenberg-Bruring, Doetinchem, The Netherlands
| | - K L Weerheijm
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland.,Kindertand, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J S J Veerkamp
- Paediatric REsearch Project (PREP), Barneveld, Nederland.,Kindertand, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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