Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Simultaneous Determination of Deltamethrin and Permethrin in Honey by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Simultaneous detection of 12 estrogens in poultry meat and blood via ultrasonic extraction and GC-MS: Implications for emerging hormone exposure and health risk assessment

Estrogens, particularly the understudied metabolites 2OHE1, 4OHE1, and 16ketoE2, pose ecological and health risks in poultry, a vital food source. This study developed a method combining ultrasonic and solid-phase extraction with GC-MS to detect 12 natural estrogens in poultry blood and meat. Detection limits were 0.6 to 2.2 ng/mL in blood and 0.6 to 1.4 ng/g in meat, with recovery rates ranging from 86 % to 119 %. Estrogen levels in blood varied from 125 ng/mL in shelducks to 173.64 ng/mL in white-feathered chickens, while in meat, they ranged from 13.6 ng/g in yellow-feathered chickens to 17.5 ng/g in pale geese. The environmental equivalent (EEQ) for E1, E2, E3, and αE2 surpassed safety thresholds. The inclusion of eight understudied estrogens raised the health risk by 78 %, increasing the mean EEQ to 1.52 for meat and 0.57 for blood. These results emphasize the need for further studies on these metabolites in poultry.