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Ferman B, Nyland J, Richards J, Krupp R. Adolescent Athletes with Stronger Athletic Identity Perceptions Have Weaker Fear Avoidance Perceptions During Musculoskeletal Injury Rehabilitation Return to Sports Preparation. J Pediatr Orthop 2024:01241398-990000000-00563. [PMID: 38767118 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent athletes who sustain a musculoskeletal sports injury are at high re-injury risk. This prospective study evaluated athletic identity perception and fear avoidance perception relationships during the return to sport preparation phase of musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation. METHODS From 140 consecutive physical therapy outpatients, 50 (26 females, 24 males) adolescent athletes (mean age 16.8, range 14 to 22 y) completed the 7-item Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the 10-item Athletic Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ), and the AFAQ with 2 additional movement-related fear and pain questions (AFAQ+). Correlational analysis was performed of overall AIMS and AIMS subscale scores (social identity, exclusivity, negative affectivity), with AFAQ and AFAQ+ scores (P≤0.05). RESULTS Adolescent athletes were receiving treatment for musculoskeletal injuries sustained during soccer (n=10), lacrosse (n=7), baseball (n=6), basketball (n=5), volleyball (n=5), track or cross country (n=4), American football (n=4), field hockey or ice hockey (n=3), softball (n=2), tennis (n=2), and gymnastics (n=2). Lower extremity conditions included anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (n=23) or other lower extremity conditions (n=17). Upper extremity conditions included shoulder dislocation or labral repair (n=6), elbow sprain or fracture (n=3), and clavicle fracture (n=1). The AIMS score displayed moderate inverse relationships with AFAQ (r=-0.40, P=0.008) and AFAQ+ (r=-0.41, P<0.004) scores. The "social identity" AIMS subscale score displayed a moderate inverse relationship with AFAQ (r=- 0.48, P<0.001) and AFAQ+ (r=-0.46, P=0.001) scores. The "exclusivity" AIMS subscale score displayed moderate inverse relationships with AFAQ (r=-0.40, P=0.005) and AFAQ+ (r=-0.46, P=0.001) scores. The "negative affectivity" subscale did not display significant relationships with AFAQ or AFAQ+ scores. Subject age displayed moderate inverse relationships with the AIMS "social identity" (r=-0.56, P<0.001) and "exclusivity" (r=-0.42, P=0.004) subscale scores and weak direct relationships with AFAQ (r=0.30, P=0.04) and AFAQ+ (r=0.32, P=0.02) scores. CONCLUSION Adolescent athletes with stronger athletic identity perceptions during the return to the sports preparation phase of musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation had weaker fear avoidance perceptions. As age increased from early to late adolescence, athletic identity perceptions became weaker, and fear avoidance perceptions became stronger. To decrease re-injury rates, early identification and surveillance of injured adolescent athletes with stronger, more exclusive athletic identity perceptions and weaker fear avoidance perceptions may influence rehabilitation progression and return to play decisions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level-II, prospective cohort, correlational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basha Ferman
- Highlands Latin High School, UofL Health-Frazier Rehab Institute
| | - John Nyland
- Norton Orthopedic Institute
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville
| | - Jarod Richards
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville
| | - Ryan Krupp
- Norton Orthopedic Institute, Louisville, KY
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Wong SE, Julian KR, Carpio JG, Zhang AL. Proximal Hamstring Repair With All-Suture Anchors and an Accelerated Rehabilitation and Bracing Protocol Demonstrates Good Outcomes at 1-Year Follow-Up. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2024; 6:100891. [PMID: 38362482 PMCID: PMC10867423 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2024.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate patient-reported outcomes and risk for rerupture after surgical treatment of proximal hamstring tendon ruptures using all-suture anchors and a unique postoperative bracing strategy. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was conducted of patients undergoing proximal hamstring repair or reconstruction from 2020 to 2022 at a tertiary, academic institution. Patients were included if they reached minimum 1-year follow-up and completed postoperative patient-reported outcomes. The surgical protocol for proximal hamstring repairs included all-suture anchors placed either in an open or endoscopic fashion in the ischial tuberosity. After surgery, all patients underwent an accelerated rehabilitation protocol, including 6 weeks touchdown weight-bearing in a hinged knee brace locked in extension for ambulation, allowing passive knee flexion to 90° while seated. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Twenty-one patients were included (mean age 50.4 ± 9.5 years, body mass index 24.4 ± 3.5, 66.7% female). Lower Extremity Functional Scale score achieved postoperatively was 74.2 ± 7.5 (out of 80). Patients had minimal pain (mean visual analog scale pain score of 0.9 ± 1.2). 61.9% of patients were able to return to the same level of activity after based on Tegner score by 1 year. Postoperative Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation activity of daily living was 94.3 ± 8.3, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation Sports was 82.3 ± 19.0. Mean Short Form Survey (SF-12) postoperative scores were 51.6 ± 6.8 for SF-12 Physical Component Score and 53.9 ± 9.7 for Mental Component Score. 95.2% (20 of 21) patients were satisfied with their outcome. There were no reruptures, infections, or reoperations. One patient of 21 (4.8%) incurred a postoperative deep venous thrombosis, which was treated with therapeutic anticoagulation for 3 months. Conclusions All-suture anchors for proximal hamstring repair with a unique accelerated postoperative rehabilitation and bracing protocol result in good outcomes and patient satisfaction with minimal risk of complications. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series, therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Kaitlyn R. Julian
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Jocelyn G. Carpio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Alan L. Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
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Wörner T, Kauppinen S, Eek F. Same game, different worlds? General conditions, perceived stress, and associations between stress and past season injuries in elite female and male ice hockey players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:69. [PMID: 38509575 PMCID: PMC10953269 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ice hockey is played by women and men but the arena they play in may differ substantially. Potential differences in general conditions to play the sport may be associated to perceived stress, which has shown to be related to athletic injury in other sports. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and compare general conditions for playing ice hockey, stress levels, and the association between perceived stress and injury occurrence among elite female and male players. METHODS Prior to the 2022-2023 season all female and male players from the top ice hockey leagues in Sweden were invited to an online survey. Players provided information about their general conditions for playing ice hockey and reported perceived stress during the previous season on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10; sum score range 0-40) and current stress on the Single Item Stress Question (SISQ; scale range 1-5). Injuries during the previous season were self-reported on a modified version of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center - Overuse Injury Questionnaire. RESULTS We received responses from 360 players (170 females and 190 males). Female players more frequently reported additional occupations besides ice hockey and less medical support during games and practices than male players (p < .001). General stress levels were significantly higher among female players (mean PSS score [SD]: 17.4 [5.6] vs 14.1 [5.6], p < 0.001; SISQ median [IQR]: 3 [2-3] vs 2 [1-3], p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant but weak correlation between past season injury and perceived stress (PSS score: rho 0.29; SISQ: rho 0.24). This correlation was stronger among males than females (PSS score: 0.38 vs 0.162; SISQ: 0.29 vs 0.16, p's < 0.05). Players with substantial injuries during previous season had higher previous and current stress levels than players without injury, a difference that was largest and statistically significant only among male players. CONCLUSIONS General conditions for playing elite ice hockey are inequal for female and male athletes. Stress levels of elite ice hockey players were comparable to the general population. Experience of severe injuries during the previous season was associated to higher levels of perceived stress. This association is stronger among male players, which may be due to greater economic dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wörner
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Box 157, Lund, 22100, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Kauppinen
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frida Eek
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Box 157, Lund, 22100, Sweden
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Nyland J, Tomberlin C, Brey J, Carter S. Global knee function rating more strongly influences adolescent athletes that sustain a sports-related surgical ACL re-injury or contralateral ACL injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:599-607. [PMID: 38419433 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated differences between adolescent athletes who sustained a surgical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) re-injury, or contralateral ACL injury following return to sports bridge programme participation (Group 1) compared to those that did not (Group 2). METHODS At 19.9 ± 7 years of age, 198 athletes participated in this study. Groups were compared for time postsurgery, preprogramme and postprogramme Knee Outcome Survey Sports Activity Scale (KOS-SAS) and global rating of knee function (GRKF) during sports activities, postprogramme lower extremity physical function test performance and perceived sports performance compared to preinjury level. RESULTS By 6.0 ± 3.2 years postsurgery, 11 (5.6%) sustained another ACL injury. Group 1 was younger (17.3 ± 1.7 years vs. 20.1 ± 6.8 years, p < 0.001). Postprogramme re-evaluation revealed that Group 1 had a greater GRKF compared to their programme initiation GRKF than Group 2 (32.6 ± 38 vs. 20.0 ± 23, p = 0.04). Group 1 also had a greater mean preprogramme to postprogramme GRKF change than Group 2 (51.3 ± 31 vs. 35.5 ± 21, p = 0.02) (effect size = 0.73). More Group 1 subjects also had a GRKF difference that exceeded the overall mean than Group 2 (p = 0.04). Group 1 had moderately strong relationships between preprogramme and postprogramme GRKF score change and the postprogramme GRKF score (r = 0.65, p = 0.04) and between preprogramme and postprogramme KOS-SAS score change and postprogramme GRKF score (r = 0.60, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Global rating scores had a stronger influence among adolescent athletes that sustained either surgical ACL re-injury or contralateral ACL injury. Since group physical function and neuromuscular control factors were similar, clinicians need to increase their awareness and understanding of other factors that may influence surgical ACL re-injury or contralateral ACL injury risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Colson Tomberlin
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jennifer Brey
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sam Carter
- Norton Orthopaedic Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Uğraş S, Mergan B, Çelik T, Hidayat Y, Özman C, Üstün ÜD. The relationship between passion and athlete identity in sport: the mediating and moderating role of dedication. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:76. [PMID: 38360690 PMCID: PMC10870517 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the fact that the concept of passion in sports plays a significant role in the formation of the identity concept of athletes, the dedication of athletes to the sports branches they are interested in also has a significant impact on their passion for the sport they are interested in as well as their identity as an athlete. In this direction, the research aims to investigate the role of dedication as a mediator and moderator in the relationship between athlete identity and passion in sport. METHODS The research was designed using the quantitative research technique of relational surveying. As data collection instruments for the research, the athlete identity scale, the passion in sport scale, and the sports commitment scale were utilized. 237 amateur and professional athletes, of which 142 were male and 95 were female (Mage = 22.7), participated voluntarily in the study by random sampling. The data were analyzed with the PROCESS and Jamovi programs in order to examine the direct and indirect effects. RESULTS Significant effects of sports passion on commitment and athlete identity were found. Since both dedication and athlete identity had a significant effect on passion for sports, it was determined that passion for sports continues to influence athlete identity through the medium of dedication. The moderator significance of medium, high, and low values of devotion was determined. ETHICS APPROVAL NUMBER 226394, date of registration: 03/11/2022. CONCLUSION On the basis of the results of the statistical analyses, it was determined that the concept of dedication has a mediating and moderating effect on the relationship between sports passion and athlete identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Uğraş
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - Barış Mergan
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Talip Çelik
- İnönü University Malatya Vocational School, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Hidayat
- Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cemal Özman
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Ümit Doğan Üstün
- Faculty of Sports Siences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Rize, Turkey
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McGinley J, Stapleton E, Gale E, Worrall H, Podvin C, Ellis HB, Wilson PL, Ulman S. Differences in athletic identity, sport participation, and psychosocial factors following anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation in youth athletes. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1303887. [PMID: 38259536 PMCID: PMC10800524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1303887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While youth sports benefits the developing athlete, athletes may also be subject to injury and subsequent return-to-sport protocols. The current return-to-sport criteria emphasize physical measures; however, psychological measures may also be valuable to inform providers of an athlete's readiness. One such measure is athletic identity defined as the degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role. To better understand athletic identity in return-to-sport, this study aimed to identify relationships and trends between the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), demographic variables, sport participation measures, and the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) in youth athletes during rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods A retrospective review was completed of patients who underwent ACLR at a sports medicine clinic between October 2019 and May 2021. Patients responded to a series of patient reported outcomes (PROs) regarding physical and psychological function at a pre-surgical baseline and after 1 year of rehabilitation. Patients were then divided into groups of high/low AIMS and an increased/decreased AIMS between 1 year and baseline for comparison. Independent samples t-tests and ANOVAs were performed as appropriate with a 95% confidence interval. Results In the final sample, 87 patients (15.3 ± 1.8 years) were included, with 51.7% being females. Total AIMS scores decreased from 50.3 to 47.5 over rehabilitation (p = 0.019). Furthermore, results indicated that nearly all AIMS scores decreased during rehabilitation, with none showing an increase; however, not all domains were significant. Conversely, all sport participation and coping ability PROs increased over time points except for ACSI-Confidence and Achievement Motivation. Generally, those in the groups with high AIMS and an increase in AIMS also had higher scores in physical function and coping ability PROs, with the groups separated by high/low AIMS exhibiting more frequent statistical significance. Discussion Given these results, it appears that athletes may lose identification with the athlete role after ACLR and struggle even 1 year for rehabilitation, but those who recover athletic identity the best may also be those able to cope most effectively with the stressors induced by injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McGinley
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Emily Stapleton
- Department of Psychology, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Emily Gale
- Department of Psychology, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Hannah Worrall
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Caroline Podvin
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Henry B. Ellis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Philip L. Wilson
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sophia Ulman
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Daley MM, Shoop J, Christino MA. Mental Health in the Specialized Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16:410-418. [PMID: 37326758 PMCID: PMC10427563 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-023-09851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to interpret the existing evidence regarding the psychological aspects of sport specialization within the context of a developmental framework. RECENT FINDINGS The growing trend toward early sport specialization is associated with increased risk for injury and burnout, both of which have significant implications for mental health. Mental health literacy programs designed to promote awareness, decrease stigma, and encourage help-seeking behaviors can be an effective way to increase resilience and early recognition of those in need. The trend toward early sport specialization is likely motivated in large part by the expectation that it will increase the likelihood of long-term athletic success. However, recent studies suggest that the majority of elite athletes delay specialization at least until mid to late adolescence. It is essential to consider the developmental psychology of children and adolescents and to avoid imposing expectations that are beyond their neurocognitive capabilities. In addition to depression, anxiety, and burnout, young athletes who are pressured to perform to excessively high standards are likely to internalize athletic failures as feelings of shame. This can lead to maladaptive perfectionistic traits and potentially overtraining, clinical eating disorders, or other harmful behaviors that will result in declines in performance, physical health, and overall wellbeing. Further work is needed to better inform sport-specific recommendations regarding sport specialization and to optimize the beneficial effects of sport participation while limiting the risks of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Daley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jamie Shoop
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Melissa A. Christino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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