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Liu Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao XX, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. The role of host eIF2α in viral infection. Virol J 2020; 17:112. [PMID: 32703221 PMCID: PMC7376328 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background eIF2α is a regulatory node that controls protein synthesis initiation by its phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. General control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) are four kinases that regulate eIF2α phosphorylation. Main body In the viral infection process, dsRNA or viral proteins produced by viral proliferation activate different eIF2α kinases, resulting in eIF2α phosphorylation, which hinders ternary tRNAMet-GTP-eIF2 complex formation and inhibits host or viral protein synthesis. The stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex aggregates under viral infection stress to form stress granules (SGs), which encapsulate viral RNA and transcription- and translation-related proteins, thereby limiting virus proliferation. However, many viruses have evolved a corresponding escape mechanism to synthesize their own proteins in the event of host protein synthesis shutdown and SG formation caused by eIF2α phosphorylation, and viruses can block the cell replication cycle through the PERK-eIF2α pathway, providing a favorable environment for their own replication. Subsequently, viruses can induce host cell autophagy or apoptosis through the eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway. Conclusions This review summarizes the role of eIF2α in viral infection to provide a reference for studying the interactions between viruses and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
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Mu J, Zhang H, Li T, Shu T, Qiu Y, Zhou X. The 3A protein of coxsackievirus B3 acts as a viral suppressor of RNA interference. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1069-1078. [PMID: 32667281 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent antiviral defence mechanism in eukaryotes, and numerous viruses have been found to encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, and has been reported to be a major causative pathogen for viral myocarditis. Despite the importance of CVB3, it is unclear whether CVB3 can also encode proteins that suppress RNAi. Here, we showed that the CVB3 nonstructural protein 3A suppressed RNAi triggered by either small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in mammalian cells. We further uncovered that CVB3 3A interacted directly with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and siRNAs in vitro. Through mutational analysis, we found that the VSR activity of CVB3 3A was significantly reduced by mutations of D24A/L25A/L26A, Y37A/C38A and R60A in conserved residues. In addition, the 3A protein encoded by coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), another member of Enterovirus, also showed VSR activity. Taken together, our findings showed that CVB3 3A has in vitro VSR activity, thereby providing insights into the pathogenesis of CVB3 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Mu
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Ting Shu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Yang Qiu
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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6
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Tong L, Qiu Y, Wang H, Qu Y, Zhao Y, Lin L, Wang Y, Xu W, Zhao W, He H, Zhao G, Zhang MH, Yang D, Ge X, Zhong Z. Expression Profile and Function Analysis of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Infection of Coxsackievirus B3. Virol Sin 2019; 34:618-630. [PMID: 31388922 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of lncRNAs in the infection of enteroviruses have been barely demonstrated. In this study, we used coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a typical enterovirus, as a model to investigate the expression profiles and functional roles of lncRNAs in enterovirus infection. We profiled lncRNAs and mRNA expression in CVB3-infected HeLa cells by lncRNA-mRNA integrated microarrays. As a result, 700 differentially expressed lncRNAs (431 up-regulated and 269 down-regulated) and 665 differentially expressed mRNAs (299 up-regulated and 366 down-regulated) were identified in CVB3 infection. Then we performed lncRNA-mRNA integrated pathway analysis to identify potential functional impacts of the differentially expressed mRNAs, in which lncRNA-mRNA correlation network was built. According to lncRNA-mRNA correlation, we found that XLOC-001188, an lncRNA down-regulated in CVB3 infection, was negatively correlated with NFAT5 mRNA, an anti-CVB3 gene reported previously. This interaction was supported by qPCR detection following siRNA-mediated knockdown of XLOC-001188, which showed an increase of NFAT5 mRNA and a reduction of CVB3 genomic RNA. In addition, we observed that four most significantly altered lncRNAs, SNHG11, RP11-145F16.2, RP11-1023L17.1 and RP11-1021N1.2 share several common correlated genes critical for CVB3 infection, such as BRE and IRF2BP1. In all, our studies reveal the alteration of lncRNA expression in CVB3 infection and its potential influence on CVB3 replication, providing useful information for future studies of enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yunyue Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongyan He
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mary H Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xingyi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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