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Reprogramming and transdifferentiation - two key processes for regenerative medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173202. [PMID: 32562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine based on transplants obtained from donors or foetal and new-born mesenchymal stem cells, encounter important obstacles such as limited availability of organs, ethical issues and immune rejection. The growing demand for therapeutic methods for patients being treated after serious accidents, severe organ dysfunction and an increasing number of cancer surgeries, exceeds the possibilities of the therapies that are currently available. Reprogramming and transdifferentiation provide powerful bioengineering tools. Both procedures are based on the somatic differentiated cells, which are easily and unlimitedly available, like for example: fibroblasts. During the reprogramming procedure mature cells are converted into pluripotent cells - which are capable to differentiate into almost any kind of desired cells. Transdifferentiation directly converts differentiated cells of one type into another differentiated cells type. Both procedures allow to obtained patient's dedicated cells for therapeutic purpose in regenerative medicine. In combination with biomaterials, it is possible to obtain even whole anatomical structures. Those patient's dedicated structures may serve for them upon serious accidents with massive tissue damage but also upon cancer surgeries as a replacement of damaged organ. Detailed information about reprogramming and transdifferentiation procedures as well as the current state of the art are presented in our review.
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Cui CP, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yuan F, Li H, Yao Y, Chen Y, Li C, Wei W, Liu CH, He F, Liu Y, Zhang L. Dynamic ubiquitylation of Sox2 regulates proteostasis and governs neural progenitor cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4648. [PMID: 30405104 PMCID: PMC6220269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox2 is a key transcriptional factor for maintaining pluripotency of stem cells. Sox2 deficiency causes neurodegeneration and impairs neurogenesis. Although the transcriptional regulation of Sox2 has been extensively studied, the mechanisms that control Sox2 protein turnover are yet to be clarified. Here we show that the RING-finger ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4ADET1-COP1 and the deubiquitylase OTUD7B govern Sox2 protein stability during neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiation. Sox2 expression declines concordantly with OTUD7B and reciprocally with CUL4A and COP1 levels upon NPCs differentiation. COP1, as the substrate receptor, interacts directly with and ubiquitylates Sox2, while OTUD7B removes polyUb conjugates from Sox2 and increases its stability. COP1 knockdown stabilizes Sox2 and prevents differentiation, while OTUD7B knockdown destabilizes Sox2 and induces differentiation. Thus, CUL4ADET1-COP1 and OTUD7B exert opposite roles in regulating Sox2 protein stability at the post-translational level, which represents a critical regulatory mechanism involved in the maintenance and differentiation of NPCs. Sox2 regulates pluripotency in neural progenitor cells (NPC) but how protein stability affects this is unclear. Here, the authors identify changes in ubiquitylation of Sox2 (by CUL4A-DET1-COP1 ligase and OTUD7B deubiquitylase) as controlling protein stability and so the differentiation state of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Chunnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China.
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Transdifferentiation: a new promise for neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:830. [PMID: 30082779 PMCID: PMC6078988 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a gradual loss of cognitive and physical functions. Medications for these disorders are limited and treat the symptoms only. There are no disease-modifying therapies available, which have been shown to slow or stop the continuing loss of neurons. Transdifferentiation, whereby somatic cells are reprogrammed into another lineage without going through an intermediate proliferative pluripotent stem cell stage, provides an alternative strategy for regenerative medicine and disease modeling. In particular, the transdifferentiation of somatic cells into specific subset of patient-specific neuronal cells offers alternative autologous cell therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders and presents a rich source of using diverse somatic cell types for relevant applications in translational, personalized medicine, as well as human mechanistic study, new drug-target identification, and novel drug screening systems. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of transdifferentiation research, with particular attention to chemical-induced transdifferentiation and perspectives for modeling and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Shahbazi E, Mirakhori F, Ezzatizadeh V, Baharvand H. Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced neural stem cells. Methods 2017; 133:21-28. [PMID: 28939501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated that defined sets of exogenous factors (chemical and/or biochemical) can convert human and mouse somatic cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Considering the self-renewal and multi-potential differentiation capabilities of iNSCs, generation of these cells has considerably enhanced cell therapy for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. These cells can also serve as models for investigation of the mechanism(s) underlying neurodegenerative diseases and as an asset in drug discovery. Meanwhile, using the process of direct conversion/transdifferentiation, by bypassing pluripotent state and consequently reducing tumorigenesis and genetic instability risks, establishment of several desired cells are feasible. In this review, we describe the pros and cons of different methods employed to directly reprogram somatic cells to iNSCs along with the progress of iNSCs applications and the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mirakhori
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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Shen T, Pu J, Si X, Ye R, Zhang B. An update on potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease based on pathogenic mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:711-22. [PMID: 27138872 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1179112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, of which the pathogenesis remains essentially unknown. Current therapeutic strategies help manage signs and symptoms but have no effect in disease modification. Over the past several decades, scientists have devoted a lot of effort to clarifying the pathological mechanism and searching for new targets for Parkinson's disease treatment. AREAS COVERED Treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Commentary: Illustrated in this review are newly found discoveries and evidence that contribute to the understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenic mechanism. Also discussed are potential therapeutic strategies that are being studied, including disease-modifying and genetically mediated small molecule compounds, cell- and gene-based therapeutic strategies, immunization strategies and anti-diabetic therapy, which may be very promising therapeutic methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jiali Pu
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Rong Ye
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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Zhang F, Qian X, Qin C, Lin Y, Wu H, Chang L, Luo C, Zhu D. Phosphofructokinase-1 Negatively Regulates Neurogenesis from Neural Stem Cells. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:205-16. [PMID: 27146165 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), a major regulatory glycolytic enzyme, has been implicated in the functions of astrocytes and neurons. Here, we report that PFK-1 negatively regulates neurogenesis from neural stem cells (NSCs) by targeting pro-neural transcriptional factors. Using in vitro assays, we found that PFK-1 knockdown enhanced, and PFK-1 overexpression inhibited the neuronal differentiation of NSCs, which was consistent with the findings from NSCs subjected to 5 h of hypoxia. Meanwhile, the neurogenesis induced by PFK-1 knockdown was attributed to the increased proliferation of neural progenitors and the commitment of NSCs to the neuronal lineage. Similarly, in vivo knockdown of PFK-1 also increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Finally, we demonstrated that the neurogenesis mediated by PFK-1 was likely achieved by targeting mammalian achaete-scute homologue-1 (Mash 1), neuronal differentiation factor (NeuroD), and sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related HMG box 2 (Sox2). All together, our results reveal PFK-1 as an important regulator of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaodan Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Cheng Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuhui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Haiyin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Institute of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dongya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Institute of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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