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Biofilm through the Looking Glass: A Microbial Food Safety Perspective. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030346. [PMID: 35335670 PMCID: PMC8954374 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-processing facilities harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms that persist and interact in multispecies biofilms, which could provide an ecological niche for pathogens to better colonize and gain tolerance against sanitization. Biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens is a serious threat to food safety and public health. Biofilms are formed in an environment through synergistic interactions within the microbial community through mutual adaptive response to their long-term coexistence. Mixed-species biofilms are more tolerant to sanitizers than single-species biofilms or their planktonic equivalents. Hence, there is a need to explore how multispecies biofilms help in protecting the foodborne pathogen from common sanitizers and disseminate biofilm cells from hotspots and contaminate food products. This knowledge will help in designing microbial interventions to mitigate foodborne pathogens in the processing environment. As the global need for safe, high-quality, and nutritious food increases, it is vital to study foodborne pathogen behavior and engineer new interventions that safeguard food from contamination with pathogens. This review focuses on the potential food safety issues associated with biofilms in the food-processing environment.
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Simpson DH, Hapeshi A, Rogers NJ, Brabec V, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Hrabina O, Kay GL, King AK, Malina J, Millard AD, Moat J, Roper DI, Song H, Waterfield NR, Scott P. Metallohelices that kill Gram-negative pathogens using intracellular antimicrobial peptide pathways. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9708-9720. [PMID: 32015803 PMCID: PMC6977464 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of new water-compatible optically pure metallohelices - made by self-assembly of simple non-peptidic organic components around Fe ions - exhibit similar architecture to some natural cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) and are found to have high, structure-dependent activity against bacteria, including clinically problematic Gram-negative pathogens. A key compound is shown to freely enter rapidly dividing E. coli cells without significant membrane disruption, and localise in distinct foci near the poles. Several related observations of CAMP-like mechanisms are made via biophysical measurements, whole genome sequencing of tolerance mutants and transcriptomic analysis. These include: high selectivity for binding of G-quadruplex DNA over double stranded DNA; inhibition of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase I in vitro; curing of a plasmid that contributes to the very high virulence of the E. coli strain used; activation of various two-component sensor/regulator and acid response pathways; and subsequent attempts by the cell to lower the net negative charge of the surface. This impact of the compound on multiple structures and pathways corresponds with our inability to isolate fully resistant mutant strains, and supports the idea that CAMP-inspired chemical scaffolds are a realistic approach for antimicrobial drug discovery, without the practical barriers to development that are associated with natural CAMPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Simpson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Alexia Hapeshi
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Nicola J Rogers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Viktor Brabec
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - David J Fox
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Ondrej Hrabina
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics , Palacky University , Slechtitelu 27 , 783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Gemma L Kay
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Andrew K King
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Jaroslav Malina
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Andrew D Millard
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - John Moat
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Campus , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Campus , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | | | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
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Malavolta M, Basso A, Giacconi R, Orlando F, Pierpaoli E, Cardelli M, Leoni F, Chierichetti S, Bray D, Benlhassan K, Provinciali M. Recovery from mild Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in young and aged C57BL/6 mice with intact flora estimated by fecal shedding, locomotor activity and grip strength. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 63:1-9. [PMID: 30961802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 is a food-borne pathogen that can cause severe complications in vulnerable populations. Mouse infection models of E. coli 0157:H7 are usually developed under severe animal suffering classification by depleting the normal flora, in which age plays a role. OBJECTIVE To develop a refined method for longitudinal monitoring of E. coli 0157:H7 in young and old mice with intact flora. METHODS We applied discriminant analysis and computed composite standardized scores from 19 variables obtained from physiological parameters, analysis of locomotor activity, grip strength measurement and fecal shedding in 16 aged and 16 young C57BL/6 mice after two mild oral challenges of E. coli 0157:H7. The resulting scores were validated in another experiment performed in 24 aged and 24 young mice including a group (8 aged and 8 young mice) treated with oxytetracycline. RESULTS We show that our scores are significantly affected in the post-infection period and that can be used to measure and compare the recovery time after a treatment. The scores are most sensitive when separately developed in young and aged mice. CONCLUSIONS We developed a method that minimizes the level of animal suffering and that can be applied in preclinical testing of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy.
| | - Andrea Basso
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Orlando
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
| | - Elisa Pierpaoli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
| | - Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Chierichetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
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Lewies A, Du Plessis LH, Wentzel JF. Antimicrobial Peptides: the Achilles’ Heel of Antibiotic Resistance? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:370-381. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wang R, Luedtke BE, Bosilevac JM, Schmidt JW, Kalchayanand N, Arthur TM. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains Isolated from High-Event Period Beef Contamination Have Strong Biofilm-Forming Ability and Low Sanitizer Susceptibility, Which Are Associated with High pO157 Plasmid Copy Number. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1875-1883. [PMID: 28221917 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the meat industry, a high-event period (HEP) is defined as a time period when beef processing establishments experience an increased occurrence of product contamination by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Our previous studies suggested that bacterial biofilm formation and sanitizer resistance might contribute to HEPs. We conducted the present study to further characterize E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated during HEPs for their potential to cause contamination and to investigate the genetic basis for their strong biofilm-forming ability and high sanitizer resistance. Our results show that, compared with the E. coli O157:H7 diversity control panel strains, the HEP strains had a significantly higher biofilm-forming ability on contact surfaces and a lower susceptibility to common sanitizers. No difference in the presence of disinfectant-resistant genes or the prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed between the HEP and control strains. However, the HEP strains retained significantly higher copy numbers of the pO157 plasmid. A positive correlation was observed among a strain's high plasmid copy number, strong biofilm-forming ability, low sanitizer susceptibility, and high survival and recovery capability after sanitization, suggesting that these specific phenotypes could be either directly correlated to gene expression on the pO157 plasmid or indirectly regulated via chromosomal gene expression influenced by the presence of the plasmid. Our data highlight the potential risk of biofilm formation and sanitizer resistance in HEP contamination by E. coli O157:H7, and our results call for increased attention to proper and effective sanitization practices in meat processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166
| | - Brandon E Luedtke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166.,Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11th Avenue, Kearney, Nebraska 68849, USA
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166
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Loss of cAMP/CRP regulation confers extreme high hydrostatic pressure resistance in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:65-71. [PMID: 23831733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) constitutes a valuable non-thermal pasteurization process in modern food conservation. Triggered by our interest in the rapid adaptive evolution towards HHP resistance in the food-borne pathogen E. coli O157:H7 (strain ATCC 43888) that was demonstrated earlier, we used genetic screening to identify specific loci in which a loss-of-function mutation would be sufficient to markedly increase HHP survival. As such, individual loss of RssB (anti RpoS-factor), CRP (catabolite response protein) and CyaA (adenylate cyclase) were each found to confer significant HHP resistance in the 300MPa range (i.e. >1,000-fold), and this phenotype invariably coincided with increased resistance against heat as well. In contrast to loss of RssB, however, loss of CRP or CyaA also conferred significantly increased resistance to 600MPa (i.e. >10,000-fold), suggesting cAMP/CRP homeostasis to affect extreme HHP resistance independently of increased RpoS activity. Surprisingly, none of the rapidly emerging HHP-resistant mutants of ATCC 43888 that were isolated previously did incur any mutations in rssB, crp or cyaA, indicating that a number of other loci can guide the rapid emergence of HHP resistance in E. coli O157:H7 as well. The inability of spontaneous rssB, crp or cyaA mutants to emerge during selective enrichment under HHP selection likely stems from their decreased competitive fitness during growth. Overall, this study is the first to shed light on the possible genetic strategies supporting the acquisition of HHP resistance in E. coli O157:H7.
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Lemaignen A, Ridel C, Hertig A, Rondeau E. [Escherichia coli associated hemolytic and uremic syndrome: what lessons can be learned after the European epidemic of 2011?]. Nephrol Ther 2012; 9:129-36. [PMID: 23266201 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most feared complication of infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. During summer 2011, Europe was the scene of a large outbreak of shiga-toxin producing E. coli gastroenteritis, occasioning more than 800 cases of HUS, highlighting this public health problem. Last years, many advances have occurred, on the physiopathology, microbiology or therapeutics. We review here these different aspects, from molecular identification of the German bacteria, to the use of targeted therapies as eculizumab in severe forms, or even the major role of complement activation in the physiopathology of HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Lemaignen
- Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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Jafari A, Aslani MM, Bouzari S. Escherichia coli: a brief review of diarrheagenic pathotypes and their role in diarrheal diseases in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 4:102-17. [PMID: 23066484 PMCID: PMC3465535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli have developed different strategies for establishment of infection in their host. Understanding these pathogenic mechanisms has led to the development of specific diagnostic tools for identification and categorization of E. coli strains into different pathotypes. This review aims to provide an overview of the various categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and the data obtained in Iran pertaining to these pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jafari
- Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran
| | - MM Aslani
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran,Corresponding author: Aslani MM, Address: Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran. National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory (NERL). Tel: +98-21-66953311-20. E-mail:
| | - S Bouzari
- Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran,National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory (NERL),Corresponding author: Bouzari S, Address: Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran. National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory (NERL). Tel: +98-21-66953311-20. E-mail:
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Genetic Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains Isolated from the One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) by Using Microarray DNA Technology. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 51:283-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Variability of Escherichia coli O157 strain survival in manure-amended soil in relation to strain origin, virulence profile, and carbon nutrition profile. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8088-96. [PMID: 21908630 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00745-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation in manure-amended soil survival capability among 18 Escherichia coli O157 strains (8 animal, 1 food, and 9 human isolates) was studied using a single sandy soil sample and a single sample of cattle manure as the inoculum carrier. The virulence profiles of E. coli O157 strains were characterized by detection of virulence determinants (73 genes, 122 probes in duplicate) by using the Identibac E. coli genotyping DNA miniaturized microarray. Metabolic profiling was done by subjecting all strains to the Biolog phenotypic carbon microarray. Survival times (calculated as days needed to reach the detection limit using the Weibull model) ranged from 47 to 266 days (median, 120 days). Survival time was significantly higher for the group of human isolates (median, 211 days; minimum [min.], 71; maximum [max.], 266) compared to the group of animal isolates (median, 70 days; min., 47; max., 249) (P = 0.025). Although clustering of human versus animal strains was observed based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, no relation between survival time and the presence of virulence genes was observed. Principal component analysis on the metabolic profiling data revealed distinct clustering of short- and long-surviving strains. The oxidization rate of propionic acid, α-ketobutyric acid, and α-hydroxybutyric acid was significantly higher for the long-surviving strains than for the short-surviving strains. The oxidative capacity of E. coli O157 strains may be regarded as a phenotypic marker for enhanced survival in manure-amended soil. The large variation observed in survival is of importance for risk assessment models.
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