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Tang T, Martinenghi LD, Hounmanou YMG, Leisner JJ. Distribution and ecology of the generalist lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum in different freshwater habitats: Metabolic and antagonistic abilities. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:3556-3576. [PMID: 37750577 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We explored the distribution, metabolic and antagonistic activities of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, isolated from freshwater locations in Denmark during winter or early spring. This species was widely distributed in such habitats although it was relatively rare in low pH locations. Isolates possessed a diverse metabolism, potentially enabling functional capacities independent of habitat. The intraspecies competition showed a relatively high degree of mostly low-intensity interactions, which overall were not correlated with phylogeny or location. Only a few isolates exhibited broad-spectrum inhibition activity, targeting species from other genera and families, including one isolate that exhibited a broad inhibitory activity due to H2 O2 production. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the frequency of bacteriocinogenic systems was low, and only one unmodified bacteriocin, piscicolin 126, correlated with phenotypic antagonistic activity. Furthermore, most potential bacteriocin gene complexes were not complete. Overall, this study showed C. maltaromaticum to be a generalist (nomadic) species with a constant presence in freshwater habitats, especially those with pH values >5. General metabolic properties did not suggest a strong degree of adaptation to the freshwater environment, and bacteriocin-mediated antagonistic activities appeared to play a minimal ecological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taya Tang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laura Daniela Martinenghi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Pastorino P, Colussi S, Varello K, Meletiadis A, Alberti S, Di Blasio A, Tedde G, Begovoeva M, Peano A, Rossi L, Renzi M, Acutis PL, Barceló D, Prearo M. Interdisciplinary approach to solve unusual mortalities in the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in two high-mountain ponds affected by climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115411. [PMID: 36736753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The global decline in amphibian populations is a major environmental issue. Chytridiomycosis, Ranaviruses and the red-leg syndrome have been identified in unusual mortality events. However, these infections do not account for all causes of declining amphibian populations. Moreover, several cases of amphibian mortality are difficult to solve without resorting to an interdisciplinary approach. Two cases of unusual mortality in Rana temporaria occurred at two high-mountain ponds (northwest Italy) in April and May 2021. Water and frog samples were analysed to understand the possible causes responsible for the unusual mortalities. Results of the main physicochemical (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand) and nutrient (ammonia/ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus) parameters revealed a good condition of the water quality, with the absence of the main cyanotoxins (microcystins/nodularins). However, unseasonably high spring water temperatures were recorded in both ponds (12.73 °C and 14.21 °C for Frog Pond and Selleries Pond, respectively). Frogs (n = 50; snout-vent length: 7.0-9.8 cm; body mass: 85-123 g) collected from Frog Pond mainly presented bumps on the ventral cavity and dermal ulceration associated with the isolation of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. On the other hand, frogs (n = 5; snout-vent length: 8.0-9.1 cm; body mass: 87-92 g) from Selleries Pond presented petechiae and dermal ulcerations on the rear limbs associated with the isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida and A. sobria. In both mortality events, the interdisciplinary approach revealed an association between frog mortalities and the isolation of bacteria. Isolated bacteria are considered opportunistic pathogens, and the high values of the water temperature has certainly led a stress on the frogs, favouring the spread of bacteria and the death of the frogs. Further studies are needed to assess the pathophysiological effects of the opportunistic bacteria here isolated, clarifying the interactions between emerging pathogens and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Colussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Meletiadis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Alberti
- Ente di Gestione Delle Aree Protette Delle Alpi Cozie, Via Fransuà Fontan 1,10050, Salbertrand, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3, ASL-TO3, Via Poirino 9, 10064, Pinerolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tedde
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3, ASL-TO3, Via Poirino 9, 10064, Pinerolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Begovoeva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale Delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Peano
- Dipartimento di Science Veterinarie, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Dipartimento di Science Veterinarie, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Monia Renzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
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First Isolation of a Herpesvirus (Family Alloherpesviridae) from Great Lakes Lake Sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233230. [PMID: 36496751 PMCID: PMC9740441 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens; LST) is the only native sturgeon species in the Great Lakes (GL), but due to multiple factors, their current populations are estimated to be <1% of historical abundances. Little is known about infectious diseases affecting GL-LST in hatchery and wild settings. Therefore, a two-year disease surveillance study was undertaken, resulting in the detection and first in vitro isolation of a herpesvirus from grossly apparent cutaneous lesions in wild adult LST inhabiting two GL watersheds (Erie and Huron). Histological and ultrastructural examination of lesions revealed proliferative epidermitis associated with herpesvirus-like virions. A virus with identical ultrastructural characteristics was recovered from cells inoculated with lesion tissues. Partial DNA polymerase gene sequencing placed the virus within the Family Alloherpesviridae, with high similarity to a lake sturgeon herpesvirus (LSHV) from Wisconsin, USA. Genomic comparisons revealed ~84% Average Nucleotide Identity between the two isolates, leading to the proposed classification of LSHV-1 (Wisconsin) and LSHV-2 (Michigan) for the two viruses. When naïve juvenile LST were immersion-exposed to LSHV-2, severe disease and ~33% mortality occurred, with virus re-isolated from representative skin lesions, fulfilling Rivers’ postulates. Results collectively show LSHV-2 is associated with epithelial changes in wild adult LST, disease and mortality in juvenile LST, and is a potential threat to GL-LST conservation.
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Steele LM, Okihiro MS, Berlemont R, Dillon JG, Young KA, Hesami S, Sommeran SV, Lowe CG. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum associated with meningoencephalitis and otitis in stranded common thresher sharks ( Alopias vulpinus). Vet Pathol 2022; 59:850-859. [DOI: 10.1177/03009858221102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile common thresher sharks ( Alopias vulpinus) have been recently stranding along the California coastline. Using Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene along with necropsy, cytological, bacteriological, and histological techniques, we screened microbial communities and described lesions characterizing affected sharks with the purpose of identifying potential pathogen sources and pathologic processes. Histopathological assessment of moribund sharks revealed severe meningoencephalitis, as previously described in stranded salmon sharks ( Lamna ditropis), along with inflammation of the inner ear and subcutaneous tissues surrounding the endolymphatic ducts. Furthermore, inflamed areas were characterized by the prevalence of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, suggesting this bacterium as a potential pathogen that gains access to the inner ear through the endolymphatic ducts, with subsequent spread into the brain. The absence or low abundance of this bacterium in the spiral valve in both healthy and infected sharks suggests that Carnobacterium is not a commensal member of their digestive communities and the spiral valve is unlikely to be the source of the pathogen. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggests that C. maltaromaticum strains isolated from diseased sharks have minimal genetic variation and differ from other strains originating from food or diseased teleosts. While a C. maltaromaticum–like organism has previously been associated with meningoencephalitis in salmon shark strandings, this is the first study to report common thresher shark strandings associated with C. maltaromaticum, involving the endolymphatic ducts as portals of entry to the brain.
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Standish I, McCann R, Puzach C, Leis E, Bailey J, Dziki S, Katona R, Lark E, Edwards C, Keesler B, Reichley S, King S, Knupp C, Harrison C, Loch T, Phillips K. Development of duplex qPCR targeting Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Vagococcus salmoninarum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:667-677. [PMID: 35195301 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In November 2018, Vagococcus salmoninarum was identified as the causative agent of a chronic coldwater streptococcosis epizootic in broodstock brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at the Iron River National Fish Hatchery in Wisconsin, USA. By February 2019, the epizootic spread to adjacent raceways containing broodstock lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), whereby fish were found to be coinfected with Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and V. salmoninarum. To differentiate these two pathogens and determine the primary cause of the lake trout morbidity, a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was developed targeting the C. maltaromaticum phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase alpha subunit (pheS) gene. The qPCR was combined with a V. salmoninarum qPCR, creating a duplex qPCR assay that simultaneously quantitates C. maltaromaticum and V. salmoninarum concentrations in individual lake trout tissues, and screens presumptive isolates from hatchery inspections and wild fish from national fish hatchery source waters throughout the Great Lakes basin. Vagococcus salmoninarum and C. maltaromaticum were co-detected in broodstock brook trout from two tribal hatcheries and C. maltaromaticum was present in wild fish in source waters of several national fish hatcheries. This study provides a powerful new tool to differentiate and diagnose two emerging Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Standish
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah McCann
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Corey Puzach
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer Bailey
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara Dziki
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan Katona
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ellen Lark
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carey Edwards
- Iron River National Fish Hatchery, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Iron River, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brandon Keesler
- Iron River National Fish Hatchery, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Iron River, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen Reichley
- Clear Springs Foods, Buhl, Idaho, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Global Center for Aquatic Food Security, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Christopher Knupp
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Courtney Harrison
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Loch
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kenneth Phillips
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
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Cranial Mandibular Fibrosis Syndrome in Adult Farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050542. [PMID: 33946332 PMCID: PMC8145062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual condition affecting market size rainbow trout was investigated. This condition was prevalent for several years at low levels but affected a large proportion of stock during 2018 and 2019. Chronic fibrosis affecting cranial tissues and the jaw was observed in samples collected in 2018. A larger sampling was then conducted in 2019 to investigate the presence of an infectious agent(s). An extensive inflammatory response in the mandibular region was the main finding, however infectious agents in the lesions were not identified through classical virology and bacteriology analysis. Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infection, calcinosis, and a Gram-positive bacterial infection of a single fish cardiac tissue was observed, however, a correlation of these pathologies and the cranial mandibular fibrosis (CMF) syndrome was not established. The gene expression of a panel of 16 immune-related genes was studied. Among these, tgf-b, sIgM, il11, hspa, and the antimicrobial peptides lys and cath1 were up-regulated in jaw sections of CMF-affected fish, showing a strong positive correlation with the severity of the lesions. Idiopathic chronic fibrosis with the activation of the Tfg-B pathway and local hyper-immunoglobulaemia was therefore diagnosed. Initiating factors and causative agent(s) (biotic or abiotic) of CMF remain, at present, unclear.
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Pastorino P, Colussi S, Pizzul E, Varello K, Menconi V, Mugetti D, Tomasoni M, Esposito G, Bertoli M, Bozzetta E, Dondo A, Acutis PL, Prearo M. The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2314. [PMID: 33504925 PMCID: PMC7840770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnobacteria are common bacteria in cold and temperate environments; they are also reported during fish mortality events. In a previous study, carnobacteria were isolated from the eyes of healthy wild salmonids from a high-mountain lake. To better understand these findings, salmonids were captured from three high-mountain lakes (Lower and Upper Balma Lake, Rouen Lake; northwest Italy) during August 2019 and subjected to bacteriological and histological examination. Although all were healthy, 8.7% (Lower Balma Lake), 24% (Upper Balma Lake), and 32.6% (Rouen Lake) were positive for carnobacteria colonization of the eyes. A Trojan-horse effect was hypothesized to explain carnobacteria isolation in the eye. This immune-escaping macrophage-mediated mechanism has been identified in other Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on isolated bacteria (Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens). Based on previous references for carnobacteria isolated from fish, C. maltaromaticum strains were tested for the pisA precursor gene of the bacteriocin piscicolin 126. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains were found to display genotypic heterogeneity and a low percentage of pisA positive amplification. Features of geomorphology, geographic isolation, and microbiota common to the three lakes are thought to be possibly related to our findings. Moreover, terrestrial insects collected from the lake shoreline and the stomach contents were screened for the presence of carnobacteria. The salmonids in these high-mountain environments feed mainly on terrestrial insects, which are considered possible vectors for carnobacteria that might catabolize the exoskeleton chitin. All insects tested negative for carnobacteria, but as a small number of samples were analyzed, their role as possible vectors of infection cannot be excluded. Further studies are needed to corroborate our research hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvia Colussi
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pizzul
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Mugetti
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Tomasoni
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Bertoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
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Roh H, Kim BS, Lee MK, Park CI, Kim DH. Genome-wide comparison of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum derived from diseased fish harbouring important virulence-related genes. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1029-1037. [PMID: 32627213 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although Carnobacterium maltaromaticum has been used as a probiotic in fish, it was reported to cause disease for the first time in Korea. The objective of this study was to understand the differences between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Pathogenicity was tested by challenging rainbow trout with C. maltaromaticum ATCC35586 and 18ISCm isolated from diseased fish, and DSM20342 isolated from a dairy product. We also compared 24 genomes of C. maltaromaticum strains plus the genome of our isolate 18ISCm sequenced in this study. Only the strains from diseased fish caused high mortality with severe histopathological changes. Although all strains shared more than 90% of Ko_id, wecC and xtmA were found only in strains from diseased fish. Interestingly, only strains from diseased fish harboured two wecC paralogs involved in the production of D-mannosaminuronic acid which is a major component of a well-known virulence factor, teichuronic acid. Two wecC paralogs of 18ISCm were increased when they were co-cultured with trout blood cells, suggesting that wecC genes might play a role in virulence. The results of this study show that strains isolated from diseased fish are different from strains derived from food in terms of pathogenicity to fish and the presence of virulence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeongJin Roh
- Department of Aquatic life medicine. College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Bo Seong Kim
- Aquatic disease control division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan, Korea
| | - Mu Kun Lee
- Korean Aquatic Organism Disease Inspector Association, Busan, Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic life medicine. College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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Pietsch C, Tschudi F, Baumann S, Schmidt-Posthaus H. Preliminary investigation of an idiopathic muscle disease in farmed burbot Lota lota. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 140:179-186. [PMID: 32815526 DOI: 10.3354/dao03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rearing of less established fish species in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) is increasing, but may require adaptations of the rearing facilities if health impairments occur. We observed several health issues in burbot Lota lota reared for up to 2 yr in a RAS and used microbiological, histological and molecular-biological methods to identify the causative agents. Minor skin trauma led to the development of ulcers. In addition, several fillets of burbot showed pronounced granulomatous inflammation and calcification with signs of muscle fiber degeneration which resembled a condition called 'sandy flesh disease' in North American walleye. Several infectious agents were able to be excluded as a cause for the disease. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum was isolated in high numbers in some of the affected muscle tissue. However, the role of this bacterium or other causative agents or husbandry conditions remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, PO Box, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Standish I, Erickson S, Leis E, Baumgartner W, Loch T, Knupp C, McCann R, Puzach C, Katona R, Lark E, Bailey J, Buening J, Edwards C, Phillips K. Vagococcus salmoninarum I-A chronic coldwater streptococcosis in broodstock brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Wisconsin, USA. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:305-316. [PMID: 32030789 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, Vagococcus salmoninarum was isolated from two lots of broodstock "coaster" brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) containing ~1,500 fish at the Iron River National Fish Hatchery, at which time it was identified as the causative agent of a chronic coldwater streptococcosis epizootic. Clinical signs included exophthalmia, lethargy, erratic swimming and loss of equilibrium. Female fish experienced disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality than male co-inhabitants, and routinely retained eggs following spawning. The most consistent gross clinical sign was heart pallor and turbid pericardial effusion. An attempted treatment using florfenicol was ineffective at halting the epizootic, which spanned more than a year and resulted in >50% mortality before remaining fish were culled. As there is no previous documentation of V. salmoninarum at this hatchery or in this species, it is still unclear what circumstances led to this epizootic. The inability to treat this chronic disease led to the loss of valuable broodstock, hampering ongoing fishery conservation efforts in the Great Lakes Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Standish
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara Erickson
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric Leis
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wes Baumgartner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas Loch
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Knupp
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebekah McCann
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Corey Puzach
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan Katona
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ellen Lark
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer Bailey
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jorge Buening
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Iron River National Fish Hatchery, Iron River, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carey Edwards
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Iron River National Fish Hatchery, Iron River, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kenneth Phillips
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, USA
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Higuera-Llantén S, Vásquez-Ponce F, Barrientos-Espinoza B, Mardones FO, Marshall SH, Olivares-Pacheco J. Extended antibiotic treatment in salmon farms select multiresistant gut bacteria with a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203641. [PMID: 30204782 PMCID: PMC6133359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The high use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases is one of the main problems in the mass production of animal protein. Salmon farming in Chile is a clear example of the above statement, where more than 5,500 tonnes of antibiotics have been used over the last 10 years. This has caused a great impact both at the production level and on the environment; however, there are still few works in relation to it. In order to demonstrate the impact of the high use of antibiotics on fish gut microbiota, we have selected four salmon farms presenting a similar amount of fish of the Atlantic salmon species (Salmo salar), ranging from 4,500 to 6,000 tonnes. All of these farms used treatments with high doses of antibiotics. Thus, 15 healthy fish were selected and euthanised in order to isolate the bacteria resistant to the antibiotics oxytetracycline and florfenicol from the gut microbiota. In total, 47 bacterial isolates resistant to florfenicol and 44 resistant to oxytetracycline were isolated, among which isolates with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) exceeding 2048 μg/mL for florfenicol and 1024 μg/mL for oxytetracycline were found. In addition, another six different antibiotics were tested in order to demonstrate the multiresistance phenomenon. In this regard, six isolates of 91 showed elevated resistance values for the eight tested antibiotics, including florfenicol and oxytetracycline, were found. These bacteria were called “super-resistant” bacteria. This phenotypic resistance was verified at a genotypic level since most isolates showed antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to florfenicol and oxytetracycline. Specifically, 77% of antibiotic resistant bacteria showed at least one gene resistant to florfenicol and 89% showed at least one gene resistant to oxytetracycline. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the high use of the antibiotics florfenicol and oxytetracycline has, as a consequence, the selection of multiresistant bacteria in the gut microbiota of farmed fish of the Salmo salar species at the seawater stage. Also, the phenotypic resistance of these bacteria can be correlated with the presence of antibiotic resistance genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Aquaculture
- Bacteria/drug effects
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Intestines/microbiology
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Oxytetracycline/pharmacology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Salmo salar
- Thiamphenicol/analogs & derivatives
- Thiamphenicol/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Higuera-Llantén
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Felipe Vásquez-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Beatriz Barrientos-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Fernando O. Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Republica 252, CP, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio H. Marshall
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, CP, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, CP, Chile
- * E-mail:
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12
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Chryseobacterium
aahli sp. nov., isolated from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), and emended descriptions of Chryseobacterium ginsenosidimutans and Chryseobacterium gregarium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:1573-1579. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.052373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains (T68T and T62) of a Gram-reaction-negative, yellow-pigmented bacterium containing flexirubin-type pigments were recovered from the kidney of a cultured lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and necrotic fins of a brown trout (Salmo trutta) during disease surveillance in 2009. Both isolates possessed catalase and cytochrome oxidase activities and degraded multiple substrates (e.g. gelatin, casein, elastin and Tweens 20 and 80). The mean DNA G+C content of strain T68T was 34.1 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that strains T68T and T62 had nearly identical sequences (≥99 % similarity) and placed the bacterium within the genus
Chryseobacterium
, where
Chryseobacterium ginsenosidimutans
THG 15T (97.8 %),
C. gregarium
DSM 19109T (97.7 %) and
C. soldanellicola
PSD1-4T (97.6 %) were its closest relatives. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses using neighbour-joining, maximum-parsimony and Bayesian methodologies demonstrated that strains T68T and T62 formed a well-supported clade (bootstrap values of 100 and 97 %; posterior probability 0.99) that was distinct from other species of the genus
Chryseobacterium
. The major fatty acids of strains T68T and T62 were characteristic of the genus
Chryseobacterium
and included iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 3-OH. The mean DNA–DNA relatedness of strain T68T to
C. ginsenosidimutans
JCM 16719T and
C. gregarium
LMG 24952T was 24 and 21 %, respectively. Based on the results from our polyphasic characterization, strains T68T and T62 represent a novel species of the genus
Chryseobacterium
, for which the name Chryseobacterium aahli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T68T ( = LMG 27338T = ATCC BAA-2540T). Emended descriptions of
Chryseobacterium ginsenosidimutans
and
Chryseobacterium gregarium
are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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13
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Flavobacterium spartansii sp. nov., a pathogen of fishes, and emended descriptions of Flavobacterium aquidurense and Flavobacterium araucananum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:406-412. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.051433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains (T16T and S12) of a Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented bacterium were recovered from kidneys of feral spawning adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the gills of captive-reared Chinook salmon fingerlings suffering a mortality episode, respectively. Polyphasic characterization revealed that these strains possessed gliding motility, contained a flexirubin-type pigment, proteolysed multiple substrates (i.e. gelatin, casein and elastin), and had a mean DNA G+C content of 35.6 mol%. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene demonstrated that strains T16T and S12 were nearly identical to one another (>99 % similarity) and were placed within the genus
Flavobacterium
, with
Flavobacterium aquidurense
CCUG 59847T (98.3 %),
Flavobaterium araucananum
CCUG 61031T (98.2 %) and
Flavobacterium frigidimaris
(AB183888, 98.1 %) being their closest relatives. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses using neighbour-joining, maximum-parsimony and Bayesian methodologies demonstrated that strains T16T and S12 formed a well-supported clade within the genus
Flavobacterium
that was distinct from other
Flavobacterium
species. The major fatty acid constituents of strains T16T and S12 were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH according to fatty acid methyl ester analysis. The mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain T16T and
F. aquidurense
CCUG 59847T and
F. araucananum
CCUG 61031T was 23 and 29 %, respectively. Thus, the data accumulated in this study support the suggestion that strains T16T and S12 represent a novel species of the genus
Flavobacterium
, for which the name Flavobacterium spartansii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T16T ( = LMG 27337T = ATCC BAA-2541T). Emended descriptions of
F. aquidurense
and
F. araucananum
are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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14
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Loch TP, Fujimoto M, Woodiga SA, Walker ED, Marsh TL, Faisal M. Diversity of fish-associated flavobacteria of Michigan. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2013; 25:149-164. [PMID: 23834635 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2012.758189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacteriosis poses a serious threat to wild and propagated fish stocks alike, accounting for more fish mortality in Michigan and its associated state fish hatcheries than all other pathogens combined. Although this consortium of fish diseases has primarily been attributed to Flavobacterium psychrophilum, F. columnare, and F. branchiophilum, herein we describe a diverse assemblage of Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium spp. isolates recovered from diseased as well as apparently healthy wild, feral, and farmed fish of Michigan. Among 254 fish-associated flavobacterial isolates recovered from 21 fish species during 2003-2010, 211 were identified as Flavobacterium spp., whereas 43 were identified as Chryseobacterium spp. according to ribosomal RNA partial gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Although F. psychrophilum and F. columnare were indeed associated with multiple fish mortality events, many previously uncharacterized flavobacteria were recovered from systemically infected fish showing overt signs of disease, and in vitro protease assays demonstrated that these isolates were highly proteolytic to multiple substrates that comprise host tissues. Indeed, the majority of the isolates either (1) were most similar to recently described fish-associated Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium spp. that have never before been reported in North America (e.g., F. oncorhynchi, F. araucananum, C. viscerum, C. piscicola, and C. chaponense) or (2) did not cluster with any described species and most likely represent novel flavobacterial taxa. This study highlights the extreme diversity of flavobacteria that are potentially associated with flavobacteriosis in Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Loch
- a Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , 174 Food Safety and Toxicology Building , East Lansing , Michigan , 48824 , USA
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15
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2012 update). EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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