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Zhang Y, Xu M, Guo Y, Chen L, Vongsangnak W, Xu Q, Lu L. Programmed cell death and Salmonella pathogenesis: an interactive overview. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1333500. [PMID: 38249488 PMCID: PMC10797706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1333500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the collective term for the intrinsically regulated death of cells. Various types of cell death are triggered by their own programmed regulation during the growth and development of organisms, as well as in response to environmental and disease stresses. PCD encompasses apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and other forms. PCD plays a crucial role not only in the growth and development of organisms but also in serving as a component of the host innate immune defense and as a bacterial virulence strategy employed by pathogens during invasion. The zoonotic pathogen Salmonella has the ability to modulate multiple forms of PCD, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, within the host organism. This modulation subsequently impacts the bacterial infection process. This review aims to consolidate recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which Salmonella initiates and controls cell death signaling, the ways in which various forms of cell death can impede or restrict bacterial proliferation, and the interplay between cell death and innate immune pathways that can counteract Salmonella-induced suppression of host cell death. Ultimately, these insights may contribute novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical Salmonella-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maodou Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Cerqueira DDN, Pereira ALS, da Costa AEC, de Souza TJ, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Souto FO, Santos PDA. Xenophagy as a Strategy for Mycobacterium leprae Elimination during Type 1 or Type 2 Leprosy Reactions: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1455. [PMID: 38133338 PMCID: PMC10747110 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular bacillus that causes leprosy, a neglected disease that affects macrophages and Schwann cells. Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory responses to mycobacterial antigens, classified as type1 (T1R), a predominant cellular immune response, or type2 (T2R), a humoral phenomenon, leading to a high number of bacilli in infected cells and nerve structures. Xenophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets intracellular bacteria for lysosomal degradation; however, its immune mechanisms during leprosy reactions are still unclear. This review summarizes the relationship between the autophagic process and M. leprae elimination during leprosy reactions. METHODS Three databases, PubMed/Medline (n = 91), Scopus (n = 73), and ScienceDirect (n = 124), were searched. After applying the eligibility criteria, articles were selected for independent peer reviewers in August 2023. RESULTS From a total of 288 studies retrieved, eight were included. In multibacillary (MB) patients who progressed to T1R, xenophagy blockade and increased inflammasome activation were observed, with IL-1β secretion before the reactional episode occurrence. On the other hand, recent data actually observed increased IL-15 levels before the reaction began, as well as IFN-γ production and xenophagy induction. CONCLUSION Our search results showed a dichotomy in the T1R development and their relationship with xenophagy. No T2R studies were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dantas Nucci Cerqueira
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Silva Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
| | - Ana Elisa Coelho da Costa
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
| | - Tarcísio Joaquim de Souza
- Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia d’Emery Alves Santos
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
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Jiang S, He J, Zhang L, Zhao Q, Zhao S. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220739. [PMID: 37791056 PMCID: PMC10543702 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the role of bacterial lipoprotein (BLP) in autophagy and apoptosis. Western blot was used to examine autophagy biomarkers in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after infection with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and BLP stimulation. In BMDMs, enhanced protein expression of LC3-II was observed after S. typhimurium or S. aureus infection (P < 0.05) and BLP stimulation (P < 0.05). Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine resulted in increased levels of LC3-Ⅱ and p62 protein (P < 0.05). Persistently upregulated expressions of Atg3 and Atg7 were observed following BLP stimulation (P < 0.05), and knockdown of Atg3 or Atg7 significantly attenuated BLP-enhanced protein expression of LC3-Ⅱ in BMDMs. Furthermore, we found that the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine prevented BLP- and infection-induced macrophage apoptosis. BLP is not only required for autophagy and apoptosis activation in macrophages but also for regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Jinyao He
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Qiaojiajie Zhao
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
| | - Shuqi Zhao
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 71000, China
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Li J, Qi L, Diao Z, Zhang M, Li B, Zhai Y, Hao M, Zhou D, Liu W, Jin Y, Wang A. Brucella BtpB Manipulates Apoptosis and Autophagic Flux in RAW264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214439. [PMID: 36430916 PMCID: PMC9693124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella transfers effectors into host cells, manipulating cellular processes to its advantage; however, the mechanism by which effectors regulate cellular processes during infection is poorly understood. A growing number of studies have shown that apoptosis and autophagy are critical mechanisms for target cells to cope with pathogens and maintain cellular homeostasis. BtpB is a Brucella type IV secretion system effector with a complex mechanism for manipulating host infection. Here, we show that the ectopic expression of BtpB promoted DNA fragmentation. In contrast, an isogenic mutant strain, ΔbtpB, inhibited apoptosis compared to the wild-type strain B. suis S2 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, BtpB inhibited autophagy, as determined by LC3-II protein levels, the number of LC3 puncta, and p62 degradation. We also found that BtpB reduced autophagolysosome formation and blocked the complete autophagic flux. Moreover, our results revealed that the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, reduces Brucella's intracellular survival. Overall, our data unveil new mechanisms of virulence implicating the effector BtpB in regulating host intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Lin Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ziyang Diao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yunyi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mingyue Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: or
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