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Chavarría-Fernández SM, Jiménez-Alvarado R, Santos-López EM, Hernández-Hernandez AA, Cariño-Cortés R. Iron nanoparticles as food additives and food supplements, regulatory and legislative perspectives. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1295-1305. [PMID: 38585565 PMCID: PMC10992046 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of nanotechnology in food has gained great interest. Iron nanoparticles with unique chemical, physical and structural properties allow their potential use mainly as iron fortifiers, colorants and antimicrobial agents. However, in the market we can find only supplements and food colorants based on iron nanoparticles. Their use in food fortification has so far been focused only on in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, since the toxicological evaluation of these studies has so far been the basis for the proposals of laws and regulations, which are still in an early stage of development. Therefore, the aim of this work was to summarize the use of the different forms of iron nanoparticles (oxides, oxyhydroxides, phosphates, pyrophosphates and sulfates) as food additives and supplements and to resume the perspectives of legislation regarding the use of these types of nanoparticles in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Madai Chavarría-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda la Concepción s/n, 42160 San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo México
| | - Rubén Jiménez-Alvarado
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av Universidad km. 1. Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa AP 32, 43600 Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo México
| | - Eva María Santos-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5 Colonia Carboneras, 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Aldahir Alberto Hernández-Hernandez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av Universidad km. 1. Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa AP 32, 43600 Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo México
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda la Concepción s/n, 42160 San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo México
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Krupnik L, Avaro J, Liebi M, Anaraki NI, Kohlbrecher J, Sologubenko A, Handschin S, Rzepiela AJ, Appel C, Totu T, Blanchet CE, Alston AEB, Digigow R, Philipp E, Flühmann B, Silva BFB, Neels A, Wick P. Iron-carbohydrate complexes treating iron anaemia: Understanding the nano-structure and interactions with proteins through orthogonal characterisation. J Control Release 2024; 368:566-579. [PMID: 38438093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron-carbohydrate complexes are widely used nanoparticles (NPs) to treat iron deficiency anaemia, often associated with medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure and various inflammatory conditions. Even though a plethora of physicochemical characterisation data and clinical studies are available for these products, evidence-based correlation between physicochemical properties of iron-carbohydrate complexes and clinical outcome has not fully been elucidated yet. Studies on other metal oxide NPs suggest that early interactions between NPs and blood upon IV injection are key to understanding how differences in physicochemical characteristics of iron-carbohydrate complexes cause variance in clinical outcomes. We therefore investigated the core-ligand structure of two clinically relevant iron-carbohydrate complexes, iron sucrose (IS) and ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), and their interactions with two structurally different human plasma proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen, using a combination of cryo-scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Using this orthogonal approach, we defined the nano-structure, individual building blocks and surface morphology for IS and FCM. Importantly, we revealed significant differences in the surface morphology of the iron-carbohydrate complexes. FCM shows a localised carbohydrate shell around its core, in contrast to IS, which is characterised by a diffuse and dynamic layer of carbohydrate ligand surrounding its core. We hypothesised that such differences in carbohydrate morphology determine the interaction between iron-carbohydrate complexes and proteins and therefore investigated the NPs in the presence of HSA and fibrinogen. Intriguingly, IS showed significant interaction with HSA and fibrinogen, forming NP-protein clusters, while FCM only showed significant interaction with fibrinogen. We postulate that these differences could influence bio-response of the two formulations and their clinical outcome. In conclusion, our study provides orthogonal characterisation of two clinically relevant iron-carbohydrate complexes and first hints at their interaction behaviour with proteins in the human bloodstream, setting a prerequisite towards complete understanding of the correlation between physicochemical properties and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Krupnik
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland; Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Avaro
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Photon Science Division, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland; Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neda Iranpour Anaraki
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland; Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Alla Sologubenko
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Handschin
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej J Rzepiela
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Photon Science Division, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Tiberiu Totu
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland; SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clement E Blanchet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | | | | | - Erik Philipp
- CSL Vifor, Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Beat Flühmann
- CSL Vifor, Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Bruno F B Silva
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Singh R, Kumawat M, Gogoi H, Madhyastha H, Lichtfouse E, Daima HK. Engineered Nanomaterials for Immunomodulation: A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:727-751. [PMID: 38166376 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The immune system usually provides a defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms and any other particulate contaminants. Nonetheless, it has been recently reported that nanomaterials can evade the immune system and modulate immunological responses due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. Consequently, nanomaterial-based activation of immune components, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, and other effector cells, may induce inflammation and alter the immune response. Here, it is essential to distinguish the acute and chronic modulations triggered by nanomaterials to determine the possible risks to human health. Nanomaterials size, shape, composition, surface charge, and deformability are factors controlling their uptake by immune cells and the resulting immune responses. The exterior corona of molecules adsorbed over nanomaterials surfaces also influences their immunological effects. Here, we review current nanoengineering trends for targeted immunomodulation with an emphasis on the design, safety, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials. First, we describe the characteristics of engineered nanomaterials that trigger immune responses. Then, the biocompatibility and immunotoxicity of nanoengineered particles are debated, because these factors influence applications. Finally, future nanomaterial developments in terms of surface modifications, synergistic approaches, and biomimetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamta Kumawat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, JECRC University, Sitapura Extension, Jaipur 303905, Rajasthan, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hemant Kumar Daima
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindari 305817, Ajmer, India
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Liu JQ, Yang XW, Liu X, Hu J, Hu XR, Li XX, Zhao YF, Shi YM, Zhang BH, Yang WR, Peng GX, Zhao X, Zhang FK. [The efficacy and safety of intravenous sucrose iron therapy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2023; 44:408-412. [PMID: 37550191 PMCID: PMC10440614 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with recurrent iron deficiency anemia (IDA) . Methods: This retrospective analysis of 90 patients with recurrent IDA from May 2012 to December 2021 was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of the intravenous iron therapy group and the oral iron therapy group. Results: Among the 90 patients with recurrent IDA, 20 were males and 70 were females, with a median age of 40 (range: 14-85) years. A total of 60 patients received intravenous iron supplementation and 30 received oral iron supplementation. The hematologic response rates in the intravenous iron group were significantly higher than those in the oral iron group at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment [80.0% (48/60) vs 3.3% (1/30) and 96.7% (58/60) vs 46.7% (14/30), all P<0.001, respectively]. The median increase in hemoglobin levels was also significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group [38 (4, 66) g/L vs 7 (1, 22) g/L at week 4 and 44.5 (18, 80) g/L vs 19 (3, 53) g/L at week 8, all P<0.001]. The intravenous iron group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved normal hemoglobin levels than the oral iron group (55.0% vs 0 and 90% vs 43.3%, all P<0.001, respectively). Iron metabolism indicators were tested before and after 8 weeks of treatment in 26 and 7 patients in the intravenous and oral iron groups, respectively. The median increase in serum ferritin (SF) levels in the intravenous iron group 8 weeks after treatment was 113.7 (49.7, 413.5) μg/L, and 54% (14/26) of these patients had SF levels of ≥100 μg/L, which was significantly higher than the median increase in SF levels in the oral iron group [14.0 (5.8, 84.2) μg/L, t=4.760, P<0.001] and the proportion of patients with SF levels of ≥100 μg/L (P=0.013). The incidence of adverse reactions was 3.3% (2/60) in the intravenous iron group, which was significantly lower than that in the oral iron group [20.0% (6/30), P=0.015]. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation is more effective for hematologic response, faster hemoglobin increase, and higher iron storage replenishment rates compared with oral iron supplementation in patients with recurrent IDA, and it is well tolerated by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Q Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X W Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - J Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X R Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Y F Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Y M Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - B H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - W R Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - G X Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - F K Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
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Liang XR, Dong WH, Bi WD, Li JJ, Weng YQ, Zhang LJ, Guo ZY. Effect of Iron-Erythrocyte Metabolism-Related Indexes on Posttraumatic Growth in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis (MHD). Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8235-8247. [DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s382210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sevimli G, Alston AE, Funk F, Flühmann B, Malli R, Graier WF, Eroglu E. Probing Subcellular Iron Availability with Genetically Encoded Nitric Oxide Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:903. [PMID: 36291039 PMCID: PMC9599561 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular iron supply is required for various biochemical processes. Measuring bioavailable iron in cells aids in obtaining a better understanding of its biochemical activities but is technically challenging. Existing techniques have several constraints that make precise localization difficult, and the lack of a functional readout makes it unclear whether the tested labile iron is available for metalloproteins. Here, we use geNOps; a ferrous iron-dependent genetically encoded fluorescent nitric oxide (NO) biosensor, to measure available iron in cellular locales. We exploited the nitrosylation-dependent fluorescence quenching of geNOps as a direct readout for cellular iron absorption, distribution, and availability. Our findings show that, in addition to ferrous iron salts, the complex of iron (III) with N,N'-bis (2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED) can activate the iron (II)-dependent NO probe within intact cells. Cell treatment for only 20 min with iron sucrose was also sufficient to activate the biosensor in the cytosol and mitochondria significantly; however, ferric carboxymaltose failed to functionalize the probe, even after 2 h of cell treatment. Our findings show that the geNOps approach detects available iron (II) in cultured cells and can be applied to assay functional iron (II) at the (sub)cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Sevimli
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Felix Funk
- CSL Vifor Ltd., Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Beat Flühmann
- CSL Vifor Ltd., Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Roland Malli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Next Generation Fluorescence Imaging Inc., 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Next Generation Fluorescence Imaging Inc., 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Emrah Eroglu
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
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Belova L, Kochergin‐Nikitsky K, Erofeeva A, Lavrov A, Smirnikhina S. Approaches to purification and concentration of rAAV vectors for gene therapy. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200019. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Funk F, Weber K, Nyffenegger N, Fuchs JA, Barton A. Tissue biodistribution of intravenous iron-carbohydrate nanomedicines differs between preparations with varying physicochemical characteristics in an anemic rat model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:56-76. [PMID: 35337966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously administered iron-carbohydrate preparations are a structurally heterogenous class of nanomedicines. Iron biodistribution to target tissues is greatly affected by the physicochemical characteristics of these nanoparticles. Some regulatory agencies have recommended performing studies in animal models for biodistribution characterization and bioequivalence evaluation. In the present work, a systematic comparison of iron exposure, tissue biodistribution and pharmacodynamics of four intravenous iron-carbohydrates in anemic CD rats was conducted. A pilot study was performed to establish the anemic rat model, followed by a control study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (serum iron, biodistribution) and pharmacodynamics (hematological parameters) in healthy and anemic controls and anemic rats receiving ferric carboxymaltose (FCM). The same parameters were then evaluated in a comparative study in anemic rats receiving FCM, iron sucrose (IS), iron isomaltoside 1000 (IIM), and iron dextran (ID). Despite similar serum iron profiles observed across the investigated nanomedicines, tissue iron biodistribution varied markedly between the individual intravenous iron-carbohydrate complexes. Tissue iron repletion differences were also confirmed by histopathology. These results suggest that employing serum iron profiles as a surrogate for tissue biodistribution may be erroneous. The variability observed in tissue biodistribution may indicate different pharmacodynamic profiles and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Funk
- Vifor Pharma Group, Vifor Pharma Management Ltd, 8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland.
| | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath GmbH, 4625 Oberbuchsiten, Switzerland.
| | - Naja Nyffenegger
- Vifor Pharma Group, Vifor Pharma Management Ltd, 8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland.
| | | | - Amy Barton
- Relypsa Inc., a Vifor Group Company, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
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Criticality of Surface Characteristics of Intravenous Iron-Carbohydrate Nanoparticle Complexes: Implications for Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042140. [PMID: 35216261 PMCID: PMC8878488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Un-complexed polynuclear ferric oxyhydroxide cannot be administered safely or effectively to patients. When polynuclear iron cores are formed with carbohydrates of various structures, stable complexes with surface carbohydrates driven by multiple interacting sites and forces are formed. These complexes deliver iron in a usable form to the body while avoiding the serious adverse effects of un-complexed forms of iron, such as polynuclear ferric oxyhydroxide. The rate and extent of plasma clearance and tissue biodistribution is variable among the commercially available iron–carbohydrate complexes and is driven principally by the surface characteristics of the complexes which dictate macrophage opsonization. The surface chemistry differences between the iron–carbohydrate complexes results in significant differences in in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles as well as adverse event profiles, demonstrating that the entire iron–carbohydrate complex furnishes the pharmacologic action for these complex products. Currently available physicochemical characterization methods have limitations in biorelevant matrices resulting in challenges in defining critical quality attributes for surface characteristics for this class of complex nanomedicines.
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Development of Pharmaceutical Nanomedicines: From the Bench to the Market. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010106. [PMID: 35057002 PMCID: PMC8777701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology plays a significant role in the field of medicine and in drug delivery, mainly due to the major limitations affecting the conventional pharmaceutical agents, and older formulations and delivery systems. The effect of nanotechnology on healthcare is already being felt, as various nanotechnology applications have been developed, and several nanotechnology-based medicines are now on the market. Across many parts of the world, nanotechnology draws increasing investment from public authorities and the private sector. Most conventional drug-delivery systems (CDDSs) have an immediate, high drug release after administration, leading to increased administration frequency. Thus, many studies have been carried out worldwide focusing on the development of pharmaceutical nanomedicines for translation into products manufactured by local pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical nanomedicine products are projected to play a major role in the global pharmaceutical market and healthcare system. Our objectives were to examine the nanomedicines approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the global market, to briefly cover the challenges faced during their development, and to look at future perspectives. Additionally, the importance of nanotechnology in developing pharmaceutical products, the ideal properties of nanocarriers, the reasons behind the failure of some nanomedicines, and the important considerations in the development of nanomedicines will be discussed in brief.
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Borawski B, Malyszko JS, Kwiatkowska M, Malyszko J. Current Status of Renal Anemia Pharmacotherapy-What Can We Offer Today. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184149. [PMID: 34575261 PMCID: PMC8470821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the fastest-growing major causes of death internationally. Better treatment of CKD and its complications is crucial to reverse this negative trend. Anemia is a frequent complication of CKD and is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. It is a devastating complication of progressive kidney disease, that negatively affects also the quality of life. The prevalence of anemia increases in parallel with CKD progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on therapy of renal anemia. Iron therapy, blood transfusions, and erythropoietin stimulating agents are still the mainstay of renal anemia treatment. There are several novel agents on the horizon that might provide therapeutic opportunities in CKD. The potential therapeutic options target the hepcidin–ferroportin axis, which is the master regulator of iron homeostasis, and the BMP-SMAD pathway, which regulates hepcidin expression in the liver. An inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase is a new therapeutic option becoming available for the treatment of anemia in CKD patients. This new class of drugs stimulates the synthesis of endogenous erythropoietin and increases iron availability. We also summarized the effects of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors on iron parameters, including hepcidin, as their action on the hematological parameters. They could be of particular interest in the out-patient population with CKD and patients with ESA hyporesponsiveness. However, current knowledge is limited and still awaits clinical validation. One should be aware of the potential risks and benefits of novel, sophisticated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Borawski
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Jacek Stanislaw Malyszko
- 1st Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Marlena Kwiatkowska
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Rund D. Intravenous iron: do we adequately understand the short- and long-term risks in clinical practice? Br J Haematol 2020; 193:466-480. [PMID: 33216989 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron as a therapeutic agent is often administered but not always fully understood. The benefits of IV iron are well proven in many fields, particularly in nephrology. IV iron is beneficial not only for true iron deficiency but also for iron-restricted anaemia (functional iron deficiency). Yet, the literature on intravenous iron has many inconsistencies regarding its adverse effects. Over the last several years, newer forms of iron have been developed, leading to the more regular use of iron and in larger doses. This review will summarize some of the older and newer literature regarding the differences among iron products, including the mechanisms and frequency of their adverse events (AEs). The pathway and frequency of an underrecognized adverse event (hypophosphataemia) will be discussed. Recent insights on infection risk and iron handling by macrophages are examined. Potential but presently unproven risks of iron overload due to IV iron are discussed. The impact of these on the risk:benefit ratio and dosing of intravenous iron are considered in different clinical settings, including pregnancy and cancer. IV iron is an essential component of the therapy of anaemia and understanding these issues will enable more informed treatment decisions and knowledgeable use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rund
- Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Organization, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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