Reminders make people adhere better to a self-help sleep intervention

The MIND diet, cognitive function, and well-being among healthy adults at midlife: a randomised feasibility trial

BACKGROUND

The Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets have been shown to slow cognitive decline. However, these diets were not originally developed with dementia prevention as their primary focus. In contrast, the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet was specifically designed based on evidence linking individual dietary components to brain health and the prevention of cognitive decline. The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of the MIND diet on cognitive function, mood, and quality of life using the Behaviour Change Wheel, and to design an intervention using the COM-B model to promote the MIND diet at midlife.

METHODS

An online pilot randomised control trial (RCT) was conducted. Forty-one participants (aged 40-55 years, male and female) were randomised into a MIND diet with support group (n = 15), MIND diet group with no support (n = 14) or control group (n = 12) for 12 weeks. Baseline and follow-up measures of cognitive function, mood, quality of life (QOL) and adherence to MIND diet was assessed in each group. Capability, opportunity, and motivation (COM-B) towards MIND diet behaviour were also assessed pre and post intervention.

RESULTS

A repeated measures ANOVA showed that in comparison to the control group, both intervention groups significantly improved mood, quality of life, MIND diet score and all COM-B components at follow-up (p < 0.05). No significant differences or interactions in cognitive function were found between groups.

CONCLUSION

There are only two RCT's that test the effectiveness of the MIND diet on cognitive function, and this is the first RCT to assess the usefulness of the COM-B in increasing adherence to the MIND diet. Future interventions with longer duration are needed to establish an association with MIND diet and cognitive function in adults at midlife. This study recommends using less Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) with a focus on self-monitoring, goal setting and education on diet as an effective strategy for promoting adherence to the MIND diet.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Record NCT04654936, May 2019.

SleepNow - A combined cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and physical exercise intervention in men with metastatic prostate cancer: results from a feasibility randomized controlled trial

focused on patients living with metastatic cancer. We examined the feasibility of the SleepNow intervention combining cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) with physical exercise in men with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa).

PATIENTS/MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted a feasibility randomized trial in patients under treatment for castration resistant mPCa with insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI] score ≥ 8). Patients were randomized 1:1 to either SleepNow or usual care. SleepNow is a manualized 12-week program consisting of bi-weekly sessions of physical exercise and four nurse-led sessions of CBT-I. Patients in usual care received no insomnia treatment. We assessed feasibility and measured objective and patient-reported outcomes at baseline and 3-months follow-up. Changes in both groups were compared using the Wilcoxon test.

RESULTS

We randomized 12 patients (5 intervention and 7 control; age range = 59-81 years, mean Gleason score = 7.75, mean time since diagnosis ≈ 7 years). Intervention patients reported high satisfaction, all attended at least three CBT-I sessions (75%) and four completed at least 20 of the 24 training sessions. The intervention group showed improvements in insomnia, sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, depression and health-related quality-of-life but between-group differences were not statistically significant.

INTERPRETATION

The SleepNow intervention is the first to combine nurse-delivered CBT-I and physical exercise and was acceptable and potentially efficacious. Our results are important for targeting sleep interventions to the growing population of patients living long term with metastatic cancer.

Advancing adolescent bedtime by motivational interviewing and text message: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Sleep deprivation is a prevalent problem among adolescents which is closely related to various adverse outcomes. The lack of efficacy of current sleep education programs among adolescents argues for the need to refine the content and format of the intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a group-based sleep intervention using motivational interviewing plus text reminders in changing adolescent sleep habits.

METHODS

This study is a randomized controlled trial comparing motivational group-based sleep intervention with nonactive control group. The primary outcomes were the sleep-wake patterns measured by both sleep diary and actigraphy at postintervention, 3 and 6 months after the intervention. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trial Registry (NCT03614572).

RESULTS

A total of 203 adolescents with school day sleep duration of <7 hr (mean age: 15.9 ± 1.0 years; males: 39.9%) were included in the final analysis. Sleep diary and actigraphy data both showed that adolescents in the intervention group had earlier weekday bedtime at postintervention (sleep diary: estimated mean difference: 33.55 min, p = .002; actigraphy: 33.02 min, p = .009) and later wake-up time at 3-month follow-up compared to the control group (sleep diary: -28.85 min, p = .003; actigraphy: -30.03 min, p = .01), and the changes in diary measured weekday bedtime were sustained up to 6-month follow-up. In addition, adolescents in the intervention group had longer sleep diary reported weekday sleep duration at 3- (35.26 min, p = .003) and 6-month follow-up (28.32 min, p = .03) than the controls. Adolescents in the intervention group also reported improved daytime alertness postintervention, which was maintained at the 6-month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

The motivational group-based sleep intervention is effective in advancing bedtime with improved sleep duration and daytime alertness in sleep-deprived adolescents.

Patient Perspectives on Blended Internet-Based and Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND

Harmful alcohol consumption has been identified as a major contributor to disease, mortality, and social harm, accounting for 5.3% of worldwide deaths annually. In Denmark, an estimated 150,000 people suffer from alcohol use disorder (AUD), but a low proportion seek treatment due to person- and treatment-related barriers. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) has shown positive effects on the treatment gap, with patients reporting benefits such as increased knowledge and flexibility. However, there is a lack of research on blended cognitive behavioral therapy (bCBT), which combines face-to-face CBT (FtF CBT) and iCBT for AUD.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate user experiences of bCBT. More specifically, it seeks to explore the advantages and disadvantages that users have experienced with bCBT for AUD, as well as their motivations for choosing this treatment format.

METHODS

A total of 30 patients who had participated in the Blend-A (Blending Internet Treatment into Conventional Face-to-Face Treatment for AUD) study and received the intervention were contacted and offered the opportunity to participate in semistructured individual telephone interviews. Of these, 12 patients consented to participate. Furthermore, an additional participant was approached at a municipal clinic and agreed to engage in an individual FtF interview. Thus, the final sample consisted of 13 patients. The interviews explored their background, experiences with digital technology, motivations for choosing internet-based treatment, and experiences with the program during AUD treatment. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed in full length and analyzed using thematic analysis. All data were anonymized and securely stored.

RESULTS

We found that users experienced several advantages of iCBT over a larger part of the treatment course, including increased anonymity and privacy. Most importantly, it offered flexibility, allowing patients to focus on their rehabilitation process at their own pace. Patients appreciated the availability of written text in the online program, finding it helpful for gaining knowledge and understanding of AUD and its impact on the individual with the condition. They emphasized how the assignments helped them fully engage in treatment by first acknowledging their problem with alcohol and then dedicating time to self-reflection before FtF sessions, allowing for more in-depth discussions with the therapist. They also appreciated the reminders, which motivated them to complete their assignments.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, patients perceived more benefits than disadvantages in using bCBT. Essentially, bCBT offers a form of assisted autonomy that cannot be fully achieved through iCBT or FtF CBT alone. It is only through their combination that patients can fully appreciate the benefits of the treatment, as they have time for self-reflection, with guidance from the therapist between FtF CBT sessions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04535258; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04535258.

"I know now that it's something that you can do something about": Deductive thematic analysis of experiences at an arts-based dementia risk reduction exhibit

Dementia is one of the leading global health crises. Despite the devastating impacts of the illness, general population knowledge pertaining to risk reduction is still limited. Previous research on the impact of dementia risk reduction campaigns has largely focused on awareness rather than behaviour change. Our research introduced an arts-based exhibit to address dementia modifiability, aiming to enhance effectiveness by providing an immersive experience for altering adults' perceptions of risk reduction and lifestyle behaviours. Interviews were conducted with adults (n = 38 [13 male, 25 female]) who attended an interactive dementia awareness and risk reduction exhibit. Data was analysed using deductive thematic analysis within the Health Belief Model framework to determine key mechanisms of behaviour change. Four key themes encompassing exhibit significance and factors underlying behaviour change were identified. Participants recounted positive experiences, particularly being engaged by the artistic aspects of the exhibit, and recorded heightened engagement in behaviours supporting dementia risk reduction post-exhibit. Areas for improvement included the need for a take-home summary and variation in formats. Participants described prior encounters with dementia and their age as factors which influenced their engagement with dementia risk reduction behaviour, with younger participants reporting lesser engagement with risk reduction information. Our research found that arts-based educational initiatives have the potential to advance public understanding and promote behavioural changes for dementia risk reduction. Our study recommends enhancing the impact of future interventions by employing innovative formats and tailoring them to varied audiences, with a specific emphasis on engaging younger individuals.

A randomized controlled trial testing a virtual program for Asian American women breast cancer survivors

A culturally tailored virtual program could meet the survivorship needs of Asian American women breast cancer survivors (AABC). This study aims to determine the efficacy of a culturally tailored virtual information and coaching/support program (TICAA) in improving AABC's survivorship experience. A randomized clinical trial (NCT02803593) was conducted from January 2017 to June 2020 among 199 AABC. The intervention group utilized TICAA and the American Cancer Society [ACS] website while the control group used only ACS website for 12 weeks. The outcomes were measured using the SCNS-34SF (needs; primary), the MSAS-SF (symptoms; secondary), and the FACT-B (quality of life; secondary). The data were analyzed using an intent-to-treat approach. The intervention group showed significant reductions in their needs from the baseline (T0) to post 4 weeks (T1) and to post 12 weeks (T2). Although the changes were not statistically significant, the intervention group had decreased symptoms from T0 to T2 while the control group had an increase in their symptoms. The intervention group had a significant increase in their quality of life from T0 to T2. A culturally tailored virtual program could therefore improve quality of life in AABC patients. Trial Registration: To Enhance Breast Cancer Survivorship of Asian Americans (TICAA), NCT02803593, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803593?titles=TICAA&draw=2&rank=1.

Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Despite research into the development of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I), research into the outcomes of dCBT-I on insomnia and the associated clinical conditions of depression and anxiety have been limited. The PubMed, PsycINFO (Ovid), Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on adult patients with insomnia also having reported measures of depressive or anxiety symptoms. In total, 2504 articles were identified after duplicate removal, and 22 RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. At the post-treatment assessment, the dCBT-I group had a small to moderate effect in alleviating depressive (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.56, -0.28; p < 0.001; k = 21) and anxiety symptoms (SMD = -0.29; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.19; p < 0.001; k = 18), but had a large effect on sleep outcome measures (SMD = -0.76; 95% CI: -0.95, -0.57; p < 0.001; k = 22). When considering treatment adherence, the treatment effects of those in the high adherent groups identified a more robust outcome, showing greater effect sizes than those in the low adherent groups for depression, anxiety, and sleep outcomes. Furthermore, additional subgroup analysis on studies that have used the fully automated dCBT-I treatment without the support of human therapists reported significant treatment effects for depression, anxiety, and sleep outcomes. The results demonstrated that digital intervention for insomnia yielded significant effects on alleviating depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as insomnia symptoms. Specifically, the study demonstrated significant effects on the above symptoms when considering treatment adherence and implementing fully automated dCBT-I.

Users' needs for a digital smoking cessation application and how to address them: A mixed-methods study

Background

Despite their increasing prevalence and potential, eHealth applications for behavior change suffer from a lack of adherence and from dropout. Advances in virtual coach technology provide new opportunities to improve this. However, these applications still do not always offer what people need. We, therefore, need a better understanding of people's needs and how to address these, based on both actual experiences of users and their reflections on envisioned scenarios.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal study in which 671 smokers interacted with a virtual coach in five sessions. The virtual coach assigned them a new preparatory activity for quitting smoking or increasing physical activity in each session. Participants provided feedback on the activity in the next session. After the five sessions, participants were asked to describe barriers and motivators for doing their activities. In addition, they provided their views on videos of scenarios such as receiving motivational messages. To understand users' needs, we took a mixed-methods approach. This approach triangulated findings from qualitative data, quantitative data, and the literature.

Results

We identified 14 main themes that describe people's views of their current and future behaviors concerning an eHealth application. These themes relate to the behaviors themselves, the users, other parties involved in a behavior, and the environment. The most prevalent theme was the perceived usefulness of behaviors, especially whether they were informative, helpful, motivating, or encouraging. The timing and intensity of behaviors also mattered. With regards to the users, their perceived importance of and motivation to change, autonomy, and personal characteristics were major themes. Another important role was played by other parties that may be involved in a behavior, such as general practitioners or virtual coaches. Here, the themes of companionableness, accountability, and nature of the other party (i.e., human vs AI) were relevant. The last set of main themes was related to the environment in which a behavior is performed. Prevalent themes were the availability of sufficient time, the presence of prompts and triggers, support from one's social environment, and the diversity of other environmental factors. We provide recommendations for addressing each theme.

Conclusions

The integrated method of experience-based and envisioning-based needs acquisition with a triangulate analysis provided a comprehensive needs classification (empirically and theoretically grounded). We expect that our themes and recommendations for addressing them will be helpful for designing applications for health behavior change that meet people's needs. Designers should especially focus on the perceived usefulness of application components. To aid future work, we publish our dataset with user characteristics and 5,074 free-text responses from 671 people.

Factors Influencing Adherence to mHealth Apps for Prevention or Management of Noncommunicable Diseases: Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Mobile health (mHealth) apps show vast potential in supporting patients and health care systems with the increasing prevalence and economic costs of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. However, despite the availability of evidence-based mHealth apps, a substantial proportion of users do not adhere to them as intended and may consequently not receive treatment. Therefore, understanding the factors that act as barriers to or facilitators of adherence is a fundamental concern in preventing intervention dropouts and increasing the effectiveness of digital health interventions.

OBJECTIVE

This review aimed to help stakeholders develop more effective digital health interventions by identifying factors influencing the continued use of mHealth apps targeting NCDs. We further derived quantified adherence scores for various health domains to validate the qualitative findings and explore adherence benchmarks.

METHODS

A comprehensive systematic literature search (January 2007 to December 2020) was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ACM Digital Library. Data on intended use, actual use, and factors influencing adherence were extracted. Intervention-related and patient-related factors with a positive or negative influence on adherence are presented separately for the health domains of NCD self-management, mental health, substance use, nutrition, physical activity, weight loss, multicomponent lifestyle interventions, mindfulness, and other NCDs. Quantified adherence measures, calculated as the ratio between the estimated intended use and actual use, were derived for each study and compared with the qualitative findings.

RESULTS

The literature search yielded 2862 potentially relevant articles, of which 99 (3.46%) were included as part of the inclusion criteria. A total of 4 intervention-related factors indicated positive effects on adherence across all health domains: personalization or tailoring of the content of mHealth apps to the individual needs of the user, reminders in the form of individualized push notifications, user-friendly and technically stable app design, and personal support complementary to the digital intervention. Social and gamification features were also identified as drivers of app adherence across several health domains. A wide variety of patient-related factors such as user characteristics or recruitment channels further affects adherence. The derived adherence scores of the included mHealth apps averaged 56.0% (SD 24.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

This study contributes to the scarce scientific evidence on factors that positively or negatively influence adherence to mHealth apps and is the first to quantitatively compare adherence relative to the intended use of various health domains. As underlying studies mostly have a pilot character with short study durations, research on factors influencing adherence to mHealth apps is still limited. To facilitate future research on mHealth app adherence, researchers should clearly outline and justify the app's intended use; report objective data on actual use relative to the intended use; and, ideally, provide long-term use and retention data.

The Effect of SMS Reminders on Adherence in a Self-Guided Internet-Delivered Intervention for Adults With ADHD

Background

Self-guided Internet-delivered interventions may serve as an accessible and flexible non-pharmacological treatment supplement for adults with ADHD. However, these interventions are challenged by low adherence.

Objective

To examine whether weekly SMS reminders improve adherence to a self-guided Internet-delivered intervention for adults with ADHD.

Method

The study used a multiple randomized trial design where the participants who had not completed their weekly module within 2 days were randomized to either receive or not receive an SMS reminder. The primary outcome was adherence, defined as module completion, logins, time spent on intervention, and self-reported practice of coping strategies.

Results

A total of 109 adults with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis were included in the study. The results showed that SMS reminders were associated with an increased likelihood of login within 48 h during the second module of the intervention, but not for the remaining modules. Moreover, receiving an SMS reminder was associated spending more time on the modules and faster login time in module three and five, specifically. However, the overall results did not show an effect of SMS reminders on module completion, number of logins or practice of coping strategies.

Conclusion

The results showed that SMS reminders do not improve number of logins, module completion rates or practice of coping strategies, but they may lead to faster login time and more time spent on the modules. To utilize the potential of self-guided Internet-delivered intervention in making non-pharmacological accessible for adults with ADHD, new methods to facilitate meaningful engagement should be developed and tested.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04511169.

The Implementation of Behavior Change Techniques in mHealth Apps for Sleep: Systematic Review

Background

Mobile health (mHealth) apps targeting health behaviors using behavior change techniques (BCTs) have been successful in promoting healthy behaviors; however, their efficacy with sleep is unclear. Some work has shown success in promoting sleep through mHealth, whereas there have been reports that sleep apps can be adverse and lead to unhealthy obsessions with achieving perfect sleep.

Objective

This study aims to report and describe the use of BCTs in mHealth apps for sleep with the following research questions: How many BCTs are used on average in sleep apps, and does this relate to their effectiveness on sleep outcomes? Are there specific BCTs used more or less often in sleep apps, and does this relate to their effectiveness on sleep outcomes? Does the effect of mHealth app interventions on sleep change when distinguishing between dimension and measurement of sleep?

Methods

We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to review articles on mHealth app interventions for sleep published between 2010 and 2020.

Results

A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies reported positive sleep outcomes, and there were no negative effects reported. Sleep quality was the most common dimension of sleep targeted. Subjective measures of sleep were used across all apps, whereas objective measures were often assessed but rarely reported as part of results. The average number of BCTs used was 7.67 (SD 2.32; range 3-11) of 16. Of the 12 studies, the most commonly used BCTs were feedback and monitoring (n=11, 92%), shaping knowledge (n=11, 92%), goals and planning (n=10, 83%), and antecedents (n=10, 83%), whereas the least common were scheduled consequences (n=0, 0%), self-belief (n=0, 0%), and covert learning (n=0, 0%). Most apps used a similar set of BCTs that unfortunately did not allow us to distinguish which BCTs were present when studies reported more positive outcomes.

Conclusions

Our study describes the peer-reviewed literature on sleep apps and provides a foundation for further examination and optimization of BCTs used in mHealth apps for sleep. We found strong evidence that mHealth apps are effective in improving sleep, and the potential reasons for the lack of adverse sleep outcome reporting are discussed. We found evidence that the type of BCTs used in mHealth apps for sleep differed from other health outcomes, although more research is needed to understand how BCTs can be implemented effectively to improve sleep using mHealth and the mechanisms of action through which they are effective (eg, self-efficacy, social norms, and attitudes).

A self-guided Internet-delivered intervention for adults with ADHD: A feasibility study

BACKGROUND

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that tends to persist into adulthood. Many adults with ADHD seek non-pharmacological treatment in addition to pharmacological treatment. Still, there are few non-pharmacological treatment options available. The aim of the current study was to explore the feasibility of a self-guided Internet-delivered intervention for adults with ADHD.

METHODS

The study has an uncontrolled, within-group, pre-post design. Thirteen participants with an ADHD diagnosis were included and given access to the first three modules of a seven-module intervention. To explore the feasibility of the intervention, the adherence, credibility, and treatment satisfaction were examined. Preliminary efficacy of the intervention was examined through self-report measures of inattention, hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life.

RESULTS

In terms of adherence, seven participants (54%) completed all three intervention modules (M = 1.85, SD = 1.3). The participants reported both good credibility and treatment satisfaction with the intervention. The participants also reported challenges related to usability and technical issues. Although the clinical outcomes must be interpreted with caution due to the study design and the small sample size, a statistically significant reduction in severity of inattention was reported by the participants following the intervention (p = .006, d = 1.57). The reduction was non-significant for hyperactivity (p = .326, d = 0.33). The participants who completed all three modules in the intervention (n = 7) also reported a significant decrease in stress (p = .042, d = 0.67) and a significant increase in quality of life (p = .016, d = 0.99). No significant changes were found on measures of anxiety and depression.

CONCLUSION

The adherence to the intervention was relatively low, but the participants who completed the study reported good credibility and satisfaction with the intervention. These results indicate that there is a need to improve the intervention to make it more engaging before conducting a randomized-controlled trial investigating the clinical effects of the full seven-module intervention.

A Self-Applied Multi-Component Psychological Online Intervention Based on UX, for the Prevention of Complicated Grief Disorder in the Mexican Population During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Protocol of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: COVID-19 has taken many lives worldwide and due to this, millions of persons are in grief. When the grief process lasts longer than 6 months, the person is in risk of developing Complicated Grief Disorder (CGD). The CGD is related to serious health consequences. To reduce the probability of developing CGD a preventive intervention could be applied. In developing countries like Mexico, the psychological services are scarce, self-applied interventions could provide support to solve this problem and reduce the health impact even after the pandemic has already finished.

Aims: To design and implement a self-applied intervention composed of 12 modules focused on the decrease of the risk of developing CGD, and increasing the life quality, and as a secondary objective to reduce the symptomatology of anxiety, depression, and increase of sleep quality. The Intervention Duelo COVID (Grief COVID) follows the principles of User Experience (UX) and is designed according to the needs and desires of a sample of the objective participants, to increase the adherence to the self-applied intervention, considered one of the main weaknesses of online interventions.

Methods: A Randomized Controlled Trial will be conducted from the 22nd of December of 2020 to the first of June 2021. The participants will be assigned to an intervention with elements of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness and Positive Psychology. The control group will be a wait-list condition, that will receive the intervention 1.5–2 months after the pre-measurement were taken. The Power Size Calculation conducted through G^*Power indicated the need for a total of 42 participants, which will be divided by 21 participants in each group. The platform will be delivered through responsive design assuring with this that the intervention will adapt to the screen size of cellphones, tablets, and computers.

Ethics and Dissemination: The study counts with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, México, and it is registered in Clinical Trials (NCT04638842). The article is sent and registered in clinical trials before the recruitment started. The results will be reported in future conferences, scientific publications, and media.

The effect of self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on depressive symptoms: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Sleep disturbances commonly occur in patients with depression. Insomnia is considered not only a symptom of but also a risk factor for depression. Psychological treatments for insomnia have been demonstrated to be efficacious in alleviating depressive symptoms. This meta-analysis examined the effect of self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in treating depressive symptoms.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed up to April 2019 in 6 major electronic databases. The literature search retrieved 4190 potentially relevant citations; 30 randomized controlled trials (total N = 5945) that compared self-help CBT-I vs. waiting-list (WL), routine care, no treatment, individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), group CBT and placebo were included in the current review.

RESULTS

Random effects models showed significant reduction in self-report depressive symptoms (Hedges' g = 0.35; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.23) and insomnia symptoms (Hedges' g = 0.79; 95% CI: -0.56, -1.03) in the self-help CBT-I group when compared to the WL/routine care/no treatment/psychoeducation control group.

LIMITATIONS

The findings should be interpreted with caution due to potential publication bias.

CONCLUSIONS

CBT-I appears to be efficacious in treating depressive symptoms. Given the current results and study limitations, large-scale, high-quality trials that specifically target individuals with a clinical diagnosis of depression are warranted in the future.

Digital Delivery of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Digital cognitive behavioral therapy (dCBT) has been available for over a decade. We reviewed the evidence that accumulated over the past 5 years and discuss the implications for introducing dCBT into standard healthcare.

RECENT FINDINGS

Studies have consistently supported the use of dCBT to treat insomnia. Evidence is now demonstrating large short-term effects and smaller long-term effects up to 1.5 years after treatment across populations with various co-occurring health problems. The effects also extend into a range of psychological well-being factors. Mediators and moderators have been studied to understand mechanisms and create new opportunities to enhance effectiveness and reduce dropout. Incorporating personalized guidance in dCBT may further enhance effectiveness. The evidence for dCBT for insomnia is strong and suggests that dCBT is ready for application in standard healthcare. Further research, digital innovation, and development of effective implementation methods are required to ensure dCBT fulfills its potential.