1
|
Dar SA, Ahmad I, Ahmed I, Kaur H, Khursheed S, Nisar K, Magray AR, Chishti MZ. Strategies for describing myxozoan pathogens, dreadful fish diseases in aquaculture. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106512. [PMID: 38154451 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoans are obligate endoparasites, cosmopolitan in distribution with both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Their myxospores consist of shell valves, polar capsules with coiled polar tubules that are extrudible, and infective amoeboid germs. Myxozoan parasites are most abundant, and due to their increasing number in recent years, they can pose an emerging threat to the fish industry worldwide. Hence, the immediate need is to devise a strategy to understand and detect parasites and parasitism. They may proliferate to different organs with the advancement of infection. This all warrants the development/devising of strategies and results of integrative studies in order to identify these dreadful parasites and resolve taxonomic issues. Different methods whether classical methods including gross morphology or advanced methods such as electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM), Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), histopathological studies, site preference, host and tissue specificity, a molecular approach using new markers can be clubbed for identification because these parasites are hidden and are difficult to recognize. This group was earlier classified only on the basis of myxospores morphology, but due to the high structural variability of this group advanced methods and approaches have to be implied which can minimize the problems in assigning new species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ali Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Saba Khursheed
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Kamran Nisar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Aqib Rehman Magray
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - M Z Chishti
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, 191131, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang B, Tu X, Gu Z. Myxobolus shuifuensis sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the exotic mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala feral in China. Parasitol Int 2023; 94:102732. [PMID: 36623801 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus species represents a group of cosmopolitan metazoan parasites commonly harbored in the farmed and wild fish populations. Here, a species of Myxobolus is found in the kidney of an exotic mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala feral in the Yangtze River and utilized for an integrative characterization. Ellipsoidal myxospores are measured at 15.68 ± 0.8 (13.93-17.11) × 11.42 ± 0.54 (10.34-12.3) × 7.94 ± 0.35 (7.58-8.5) μm in dimension. The polar capsules are pyriform, and unequal in size. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of the present isolates are distinct from those of other congeners. Molecularly, the pairwise comparison based on the SSU rDNA sequence indicates that the present amplicon does not match any sequences available in the GenBank database and shares the highest similarity of 92.12% to Myxobolus pavlovskii (MG520369). Accordingly, we propose a name Myxobolus shuifuensis sp. n. for the present isolates. Phylogenetical trees indicate an apparent host-associated phylogenetic pattern. M. shuifuensis sp. n. groups loosely with other Myxobolus species isolated from Cirrhinus fish. Insead, it forms a sister clade to some myxosporeans belonging to the Thelohanellus genus. This result underpins the species identification and provides evidence for challenging the taxonomic separation among both morphologically comparable genera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eiras JC, Barman GD, Chanda S, Panigrahi AK. An update of the species of Myxosporea (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) described from Indian fish. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:12-36. [PMID: 36910326 PMCID: PMC9998824 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A synopsis of Myxosporea (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) species described in about the last 14 years in Indian fish is provided. The synopsis include a total of 97 new species, and 18 species redescribed including significant new data, namely molecular characterization, distributed by 19 genera. For each species are indicated, in tabulated format, the morphological characteristics and the Gen Bank Accession Number whenever possible. Data about the type host and type locality are included also, and a complete list of references is provided. The information presented, combined with former synopsis, allow an update general view about these parasites infecting Indian fish hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C. Eiras
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gyan Deb Barman
- Ecotoxicology, Fish and Fisheries, Aquaculture Extension Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235 India
- Department of Zoology, Kalimpong College, Kalimpong, 734301 West Bengal India
| | - Sukanya Chanda
- Ecotoxicology, Fish and Fisheries, Aquaculture Extension Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235 India
| | - Ashis Kumar Panigrahi
- Ecotoxicology, Fish and Fisheries, Aquaculture Extension Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Islam SI, Rodkhum C, Taweethavonsawat P. Pathological effects due to metacercariae of Clinostomum piscidium migration in snakeskin gourami ( Trichopodus pectoralis) in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177218. [PMID: 37205228 PMCID: PMC10185784 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinostomum spp. is a fish-borne pathogen and a digenetic trematode with a global range. Despite its zoonotic relevance, the pathogenic impact of the parasite in Thai aquaculture is currently unclear. The present study deals with the pathogenic changes that fluke causes in their host, Trichopodus pectoralis, and the molecular confirmation of the Clinostomum piscidium by targeting 18 s rDNA and ITS gene. The metacercariae of C. piscidium were discovered in the body cavity of infected fish. The gross pathological examination revealed a few white migratory tracks on the surface of the liver and spleen. The migratory track showed histologically as a primary hemorrhage and necrosis of hepatic cells surrounded by a layer of macrophages and epithelioid cells, inflammatory cells, and eosinophilic granular cells in the cytoplasm of liver cells and close to the epithelial cells of the intestine. Also, the migratory track in the spleen appeared as a marked decrease of Red Blood Cell (RBC) count and changes in the necrotic tissue. Infection with this metacercaria produced hepatic tissue injury, which disrupted hepatic metabolism and decreased body weight in the fish hosts. The findings of the study suggest that the pathological effect of C. piscidium on farm T. pectoralis can cause significant economic loss by stunting fish development and predisposing fish to opportunistic pathogens in the environment. Hence, the treatment and control of C. piscidium infections are crucial for the viability of the aquaculture sector since this parasite has been found to cause pathological damage to the vital organs of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Center of Excellence in Fish Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Parasitology Unit and Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Piyanan Taweethavonsawat,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eiras JC, Cruz CF, Saraiva A, Adriano EA. Synopsis of the species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria, Myxozoa, Myxosporea) described between 2014 and 2020. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34152289 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A synopsis of the species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Cnidaria, Myxosporea, Myxobolidae) described from 2014 up till now is presented. It includes 122 nominal species described all over the world. For each of the species, the most relevant morphological and morphometric data, as well as data are provided related to the location in the host, type host and type locality. The GenBank accession numbers are provided whenever possible, and the spores were redrawn based on the original descriptions. The bibliography includes all the papers containing the species descriptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C Eiras
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cristina F Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aurelia Saraiva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Edson A Adriano
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo - UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prevalence, site and tissue preference of myxozoan parasites infecting gills of cultured fingerlings of Indian major carps in District Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab (India). J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:559-569. [PMID: 30538354 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence rate, site preference and extent of damage caused by myxosporidian parasites in Punjab, India. During the 6 months study, 600 carp fingerlings belonging to 4 genera i.e. Labeo rohita Hamilton, Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton, Catla catla Thail and Carassius carassius were randomly collected from the polyculture nursery ponds located in different villages District Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab. Organs such as fins, scales, gills, intestine, kidney, and eye-ball were examined for the presence of myxozoan parasites. In this study, gills of 321 (53.50%) were found to be infected with as many as 10 species of myxosporean parasites belonging to the genus Myxobolus. Gills were examined for the presence of plasmodia and infected organs were processed for histology. The gill plasmodial index (GPI) was counted for all the 10 species and this revealed a mild to severe infection was recorded. M. knobii, M. majraiensis, M. markiwi, M. naini, M. rocatlae, M. vascularis and M. venkateshi formed intralamellar vascular type of plasmodia (LV1), M. nanokiensis formed (LV3) and M. potularis and M. slendrii formed intrafilamental type of plasmodium (FV2). Out of 231 infected fishes, mixed infection was recorded in 44 fishes (13.70%), which exhibited biparasitism and polyparasitism. No infection was recorded in exotic carp i.e. C. carassius. Physicochemical parameters of water were also recorded for the period of 6 months comprising 4 months of winter and 2 months of spring. The present study indicated that the prevalence of myxozoan parasite was 43% in November (24.0 °C) and increased to 54% with the decrease in temperature (22.65 °C).
Collapse
|