Influence of Kinesiologic Tape on Post-operative Swelling After Orthognathic Surgery

Effects of kinesiotaping during early post-operative rehabilitation in individuals who underwent a total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials

OBJECTIVE

To report the treatment effects of early use kinesiotaping on pain, range of motion, mobility, and edema outcomes following total knee arthroplasty.

DATA SOURCES

Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMED, SPORTDiscus, Biosis Citation Index, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched for potential randomized control trials from inception to 8 January 2024.

REVIEW METHODS

Randomized control trials evaluating the effect of kinesiotaping published in English were included. Reference lists for relevant reviews were searched. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Certainty of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

RESULTS

Seven articles totaling 534 participants were included for meta-analysis. Kinesiotaping with standard rehabilitation when compared to standard rehabilitation alone had very low certainty of evidence in pain and knee flexion range of motion. Kinesiotaping was favored at post-operative days two to four for pain (P = 0.03, standard mean difference = -0.77 [-1.45, -0.09]) and range of motion (P = 0.002, standard mean difference = -0.24 [-0.44, -0.03]). Kinesiotaping was favored at post-operative days six to eight for pain (P = 0.02, standard mean difference = -0.76 [-1.41, -0.12]) and range of motion (P = 0.04, standard mean difference = -0.63 [-1.22, -0.04]). Edema and mobility could not be meta-analyzed.

CONCLUSION

The use of kinesiotaping early in post-operative rehabilitation could be a useful modality for reducing pain and increasing the range of knee flexion, however, the certainty of evidence is very low.

Laryngeal Taping as a Supportive Tool to Relieve Phonasthenia in Singers: A Preliminary Report

AIM

This report aims to perform a preliminary evaluation of the role of taping in the improvement of phonasthenia among professional voice users. The larynx is a vital organ but also a work instrument for many people. Prevention of erroneous use of the vocal mechanism is essential for an optimal voice performance.

METHODS

Nineteen singers complaining voice fatigue underwent taping application in peri-laryngeal areas of the anterior neck for 10 days. Taping effects were estimated by the evaluation of voice analysis parameters (jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio and singing power ratio) performed in M1 and M2 mechanisms with PRAAT software before and after treatment. In addition, a subjective assessment of phonasthenia was performed using a self-administrated questionnaire.

RESULTS

Statistically significant reduction of Jitter% in M1 (P = 0.021) was reported at the end of treatment; also, an improvement of NHR in M2 was found immediately after the application (P = 0.012) and after 10 days (P = 0.002). These outcomes suggest possible beneficial effects of laryngeal taping on relieving voice fatigue, and therefore improving voice quality. Self-assessment results are consistent with this finding.

CONCLUSION

Since the application of muscular taping in phoniatrics is still in its early stage, further studies and in particular a standardized protocol of application, could facilitate the spread of this technique, also offering help in comparing results.

Efficacy of Kinesio taping in post operative sequalae after surgical removal of mandibular third molars: a split mouth randomized control study

BACKGROUND

The surgical removal of impacted lower third molars produces a significant degree of trauma to the soft tissue and bony structures of the oral cavity, which can initiate considerable inflammatory reaction. Consequently, patient experiences pain, swelling, hemorrhage, nerve paraesthesia, limited mouth opening etc. The kinesiologic tape (KT) can help with blood and lymphatic circulation and has shown acceptable outcomes in reducing pain and in managing post-operative muscle spasm.

METHODOLOGY

The study was aimed to compare the effects of kinesiologic tape on post operative pain, swelling and trismus following surgical removal of mandibular third molar when compared to control group. 15 patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molar were included in the split mouth study. One side was randomly assigned as Group A where patient's face was subjected to Kinesio tape application post extraction. The other was Group B where Kinesio tape was not applied. After extraction each patient was evaluated in terms of post op pain, swelling and trismus in post-op day 1,2 and 7th.

RESULTS

The pain was found to be significantly less (p = 0.042) in group A when compared to group B on the first day. The mean pain was 5.07 in KT group and 6.20 in No KT group on day 2nd. Post OP Swelling was statistically significantly less (p < 0.01) in Group A on 2nd & 3rd day. The postoperative mouth opening was more from the 2nd day in group A with mean of 26.07 mm and 20.33 mm in group B (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The kinesiologic taping originates from sports medicine, but can also used therapeutically for reducing post operative sequelae as demonstrated in our study. Kinesiologic tape (KT) enables patients to have a comfortable time post-operatively and helps to regain better quality of life.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Registered in Clinical Trial Registry-India. Registration number-CTRI/2021/05/033359, registration date - 04/05/2021.

Nebulized hyaluronic acid improves nasal symptoms after orthognathic surgery: a randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE

After maxillary osteotomy in orthognathic surgery, patients report nasal breathing discomfort in early postoperative period. Topical hyaluronic acid (HA) has been proven to have beneficial effects on the upper airway tract mucosa. This prospective randomized controlled study was designed to analyze the effect on nasal obstruction of nebulized HA during the recovery process after maxillary osteotomy.

METHODS

Patients were randomized to control and treatment groups. The postoperative treatment differed only for additional nebulized HA provided to the treatment group. The level of nasal obstruction, and its impact on quality of life, was assessed every 3 days for the first 15 days postoperatively using a questionnaire. Demographic and other variables (maxillary osteotomy type and surgical movements) were analyzed. Differences in quantitative data were tested using Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and mixed repeated measures ANOVA.

RESULTS

Twenty-four subjects were included in each group; differences in age, sex, type of maxillary osteotomy, and movements were non-statistically significative. At the beginning of treatment (T0), the two groups had comparable questionnaire scores regarding nasal breathing discomfort (p >0.05), whereas statistically significant differences were found at days 3, 6, 9, and 12 (p <0.05). A significant decrease in nasal breathing discomfort over time was observed in both groups, with trends that differed between the two, indicating faster improvement in the treatment group.

CONCLUSION

Nebulized HA can be a useful additional treatment in early postoperative period after orthognathic surgery. Patients reported more rapid improvement of nasal respiratory symptoms, indicating a potential role for HA in reducing recovery time and patient discomfort after maxillary surgery.

Evaluation of Kinesio Taping for Edema, Ecchymosis, and Pain After Liposuction: A Prospective Pilot Study

BACKGROUND

Liposuction is a safe, simple, and effective method of body contouring. Pain, ecchymosis, and edema are often local complications at the removal site, especially in the first weeks after surgery. Several studies have shown that kinesiology (kinesio) taping improves blood and lymphatic flow, removing congestions of lymphatic fluid and alleviating hemorrhage. However, there are limited data on the effect of kinesio taping in mitigating local complications at fat grafting donor sites.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of kinesio taping in reducing postoperative edema, pain, and ecchymosis in the liposuction area.

METHODS

Over a period of 18 months (January 2021-June 2022), 52 patients underwent liposuction of both flanks with subsequent breast fat grafting. Immediately after the surgery, kinesio taping was used on the right abdomen flank in all patients. Degree of edema as well as ecchymosis and pain were quantified at 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery.

RESULTS

There were statistically significant differences in the taping area for ecchymosis at 7 days after surgery, edema at 14 and 21 days after surgery, and in pain, rated on a visual analog scale, at 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Kinesio taping, as used in this study, is beneficial in the reduction of edema and pain and the resolution of ecchymosis after liposuction.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3

The effects of Kinesio tapes on facial swelling following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in the supraclavicular region

BACKGROUND

Several osteotomies are required for orthognathic surgery to reposition the jaws correctly. This study aimed to evaluate whether Kinesiotaping can reduce swelling, pain, and trismus following orthognathic surgery of the facial skull.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study consists of two phases. In the split-mouth phase, 16 skeletal class III patients underwent Bimax Orthognathic surgery, and Kinesiological tape (KT) was applied on one half of the face. In the prospective case-control phase, 30 patients were divided into two groups. Kinesio tape was applied on both sides of the face of the Kinesio group, and pressure dressing and ice therapy were used for the second group. The tape was parallel to the lower border of the mandible along its entire length, tangent to the labial commissure area on the studied side. The tape was placed in place for 5 days. Edema was evaluated by measuring the distance from the menton to the lower edge of the tragus. The maximum mouth-opening trismus was evaluated, and the VAS index was used to evaluate pain.

RESULTS

There was evidence of swelling reduction after KT; within the same study, differences between the left and right sides as well as for the same side were statistically significant (p < 0.001). As a result of tapping lymphatic Kinesio tape on the affected area, tension was reduced, and lymphatic circulation was restored. Blood and lymph microcirculation was improved, enabling the body to heal itself.

CONCLUSION

Kinesio tape reduced swelling after orthognathic surgery in a positive way. As a simple, non-traumatic, economical method, Kinesio taping seems promising.

Kinesio Taping as an Adjunct Therapy in Postoperative Care after Extraction of Impacted Third Lower Molars—A Randomized Pilot Study

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly administered according to protocol for the management of complications such as pain, swelling, and trismus following the removal of the third impacted lower molar; however, treatment with NSAIDs may result in multiple adverse effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of kinesio taping (KT) and the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of postoperative complications after extraction of an impacted third lower molar. Material and methods: The study comprised a group of 30 patients, randomly divided into the test group (with KT, n = 15) or the control group (without KT, n = 15). The surgery was performed according to standard procedures. In the test group, KT was applied immediately after surgery. Pain, swelling, and trismus were assessed. The VAS scale was used to assess pain. Swelling was measured based on six reference points on the face using a tailor’s meter, and a caliper was used to measure the distance between the upper and lower medial incisors of the upper and lower teeth to determine the extent of trismus. Measurements were performed three times: on the day of the surgery, on the second day following the surgery, and on the 7th day after the surgery. Results: Pain intensity (day of procedures), maximum mouth opening (on the seventh day after the surgery), and the use of NSAIDs (day of surgery) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the test group than in the control group. Conclusions: Kinesio taping in addition to NSAIDs was found to be more effective than NSAIDs alone in increasing the degree of jaw opening, decreasing pain intensity, and reducing the non-steroid anti-inflammatory dosage in patients after impacted mandibular wisdom teeth surgery.

Perioperative therapies to reduce edema after orthognathic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To systematically review the literature and assess the effectiveness of perioperative systemic and nonsystemic therapies in reducing edema after orthognathic surgery. Study Design Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Bireme, and Scopus) were searched. Only randomized clinical trials were included and assessed using the RoB 2.0 software (Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK). Studies were grouped into time of assessment and systemic/nonsystemic therapy. Results Eighteen studies were included in this review (8 in the meta-analysis, n = 349). The qualitative assessment of systemic (enzyme therapy, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and Venoplant) and nonsystemic therapies (thermotherapy and K-Taping) appear to reduce edema. Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) after 72 hours (CI: -1.03 to 2.31; P = .45), and 30 days (CI: -1.53 to 0.49; P = .49), and laser after 24 hours (CI: -1.36 to 1.48; P = .93), 72 hours (CI: -4.81 to 2.92; P = .63), 30 days (CI: -3.44 to 0.99; P = .28), and 90 days (CI: -1.83 to 0.96; P = .54) showed no significance. Thermotherapy reduced edema after 48 hours (CI: -48.47 to -13.31; P = .0006) and 30 days (CI: -14.73 to -1.98; P = .01). Conclusion The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations tool showed moderate evidence for thermotherapy (significant reduction of edema), whereas the MLD and laser results were rated as high certainty of evidence (no reduction of edema).

[Methodology for the use of kinesiological decongestant dressing in double-jaw orthognathic operations]

OBJECTIVE

Development and implementation in practice of a technique for applying a postoperative decongestant kinesiological bandage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the developed methodology was carried out. Three groups of patients were formed, consisting of 20 people. The first group of patients received a kinesiological bandage after surgery. The second group used a pressure bandage, while the third group used a chilotherapeutic cooling mask.

RESULTS

The average value of the volume of postoperative edema (in cm) on the 5th day after surgery was 10.9 in the first group; 11.4 in the second group; 11.1 in the third group. On the 10th day the corresponding values were 10.7, 11.2 and 11 cm in the third group.

CONCLUSIONS

The revealed indicators of average values in the three studied groups proved that the proposed method of applying the decongestant kinesiology dressing has the most pronounced effectiveness in the postoperative period.

Kinesiologic Tape on Post Operative Swelling, Pain, Trismus in Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex Fracture after Orif: A Changing Tactics

There has been always a need of new methods to control post operative complications in OMFS. A randomized prospective study was done to assess the effect of K tape on postoperative swelling, pain, trismus in Zygomatico-maxillary Complex (ZMC) fracture after open reduction with internal fixation using two point fixation. 30 patients of either gender undergoing ORIF for ZMC fracture using two point fixation of age group between 18 and 50 years were included in the study. Patients were divided into treatment either with or without Kinesiologic tape. Tape was applied directly after surgery and maintained for at least 5 days postoperatively. Facial swelling was quantified using a five-line measurement at six specific points of time. Pain and degree of mouth opening was measured. Patient's subjective feeling was asked. The values were subjected to Fischer's exact test, Independent sample test, Mann whitney U test, Wilocoxon sign rank test. The results of this study show that application of Kinesiologic tape after zygomatico maxillary complex fracture surgery significantly reduced the incidence of swelling with an earlier resolution of swelling, and decreased the maximum turgidity for more than 60% during the first 2 days after surgery. Although, Kinesiologic tape has no significant influence on pain control but reduction in trismus in the Kinesiologic tape group compared to the non-Kinesiologic tape group. Furthermore, patients with Kinesiologic tape felt significantly lower morbidity than those without Kinesiologic tape. This study suggests that Kinesiologic tape is a promising, simple, less traumatic, economical approach, which is free from adverse reaction and improves patients quality of life.

Reliability of 3D Stereophotogrammetry for Measuring Postoperative Facial Swelling

This study aimed to determine the reliability of three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry as a measurement instrument for evaluating soft tissue changes in the head and neck area. Twelve patients received a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Test and retest 3D photographs were captured within the first three postoperative weeks, and a reference 3D photograph was capture at three months postoperatively. Distance measurements, mean and root mean square of the distance map, and volume differences were obtained. Reliability of these parameters was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC). All distance measurements had an ICC > 0.91, and the distance map parameters and volume differences showed ICCs > 0.89. The neck region presented the largest SEMs (5.09 mL) and SDC (14.1 mL) for the volume difference. In conclusion, 3D stereophotogrammetry is reliable for distance and volume measurements of soft tissues in patients after a BSSO advancement.

The effect of vibration training on delayed muscle soreness: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by unaccustomed exercise, especially eccentric exercise, and is highly likely to cause skeletal muscle injury. It mainly manifests as ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle, as well as decreased muscle strength, muscle soreness, swelling, and elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK). Vibration training (VT) has been attracting increasing attention as a new type of rehabilitation therapy. It can effectively minimize the occurrence and relieve the symptoms of DOMS, reduce muscle stiffness and soreness, and reduce serum concentrations of CK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This article systematically assessed the impact of VT on the mitigation of DOMS through a meta-analysis to provide updated evidence-based information.

METHODS

Electronic databases such as China Knowledge Network, VIP Electronics, PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science were searched to identify randomized controlled trials of VT on DOMS. Searches were performed from database creation to November 2021. The quality of the literature was assessed using the Cochrane Manual for the Systematic Review of Interventions, and meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4 software.

RESULTS

VT intervention in DOMS was shown to effectively reduce subjective pain, improve pain tolerance, and accelerate the reduction of serum CK and LDH concentrations. Subgroup analysis of different test time periods showed that subjective pain decreased more significantly after 48 hours than after the other 2 time periods, and pain tolerance increased more significantly after 72 hours than the other 2 time periods; serum CK was significantly increased after 24 and 48 hours of intervention, but showed no significant change compared with the control group after 72 hours. Serum LDH decreased significantly after 24 hours of intervention, but there was no significant difference compared with the control group after 48 hours or 72 hours.

CONCLUSION

VT effectively reduced the subjective pain sensation after DOMS, increased the pain threshold, reduced serum LDH and CK concentrations, and accelerated muscle damage repair compared with control interventions. However, the effect of improving the range of motion of the joints is not clear and should be studied further.

REGISTRATION

number: INPLASY2021120115.

Systematic mapping review of orthognathic surgery

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic mapping review AIM AND SCOPE: The objective of this mapping review was to identify, describe, and organize clinical research currently available from systematic reviews and primary studies regarding co-interventions and different surgical modalities used in orthognathic surgery (OS) and their outcomes.

METHODS

Systematic reviews (SRs), randomized controlled trials, and observational studies that evaluated perioperative OS co-interventions and surgical modalities were identified in an exhaustive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, Lilacs, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Grey literature was also screened.

RESULTS

Included were 35 SRs and 253 primary studies, 103 from SRs, and another 150 identified in our search. Overall, SR quality was rated as critically low, with only two SRs rated as of high quality. 19 questions on population, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes (PICO) extracted from the SRs focused on osteosynthesis methods, surgical cutting devices, and use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, and induced hypotension. Also identified were 15 research gaps. Evidence bubble maps were created to graphically depict the available evidence.

CONCLUSION

Future high-quality research, both primary and secondary, is needed to address the knowledge gaps identified in this systematic mapping review.

Effects of Kinesio tape on pain and edema following surgical extraction of the third molar: A meta-analysis and systematic review

BACKGROUND

Kinesio tape (KT) has been in extensive use for the rehabilitation of injuries related to sports, however, only a handful of studies have focused on the efficacy of KT following extraction of a third molar tooth.

OBJECTIVE

The study aims to assess whether pain and edema following surgical extraction of the third molar can be reduced by KT.

METHOD

This research was carried out following the principles of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, and WanFang Data databases were searched for trials published from their inception to eighth October 2021. They included published randomized controlled trials in Chinese or English languages. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for the analysis of continuous data. The heterogeneity was measured using the I2 statistics. Then, Revman 5.4 software was employed for performing the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Eight studies comprising 453 participants in total were included. In comparison to the no kinesio tape group, KT did not furnish improved results on mouth opening ([MD = 0.36, 95% CI (-0.67, 1.40), p= 0.49]), and swelling ([MD =-1.24, 95% CI (-3.43, 0.95), p= 0.79]). However, KT manifested a reduction in operation time ([MD =-1.00, 95% CI (-1.93, -0.07), P= 0.04]), edema ([MD =-0.53, 95% CI (-0.88, -0.19), P= 0.003]), and pain intensity ([MD =-1.29, 95% CI (-1.86, -0.73), P< 0.00001]), favouring the kinesio tape group. Overall, the size of the effect was found in the small to moderate range.

CONCLUSION

Despite the fact that KT can reduce pain and has been shown to have positive effects in several studies, there is no convincing evidence that it can reduce the swelling after surgical extraction of the third molar.

Use of Kinesio® taping and manual lymphatic drainage to manage traumatic edema and ecchymosis post arthroscopic meniscectomy in a recreational weightlifter: A case report

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported success of edema management with manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) or Kinesio® taping. However, there is limited evidence investigating the use of a combination of the two postoperatively and evidence is conflicting due to limitations of published trials. The purpose of this case report was to describe the utilization of MLD and Kinesio® taping in the physical therapy (PT) management of edema and ecchymosis post-arthroscopic meniscectomy.

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 51 year-old male was referred to PT 10 days after meniscectomy. He presented with increased edema that was not atypical secondary to a suspected saphenous vein injury. Severe edema and ecchymosis began 24 hours after surgery, which led to pain and decreases in range of motion (ROM) and difficulty with gait. Interventions for edema management consisted of MLD, Kinesio® taping and therapeutic exercise.

OUTCOMES

The patient was seen for five visits over 10 days for edema management that resulted in decreases in girth and pain and increases in ROM and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, and Patient Specific Functional Scale. He was able to sleep, return to the gym, and squat without pain.

DISCUSSION

Following MLD and Kinesio® taping in conjunction with therapeutic exercises, edema and ecchymosis were reduced allowing for improved function acutely. Early and aggressive edema management postoperatively should be considered to optimize patient outcomes. This case demonstrated early management of edema facilitated increases in ROM and ease of patient-specific activities and decreased pain in five visits.

Does kinesio taping reduce pain, swelling, and trismus after mandibular third molar surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this study is to provide an evidence-based conclusion regarding the effectiveness of kinesio taping (KT) in reducing postsurgical discomforts after mandibular third molar surgery and critically appraise the available literature. Eligible clinical trials evaluating patients older than 18 years who were treated with any type of KT compared to no taping in which pain, swelling, or trismus scores were reported were included. An electronic literature search was carried out in the following databases to identify relevant papers up to May 30, 2021: Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0). The effect sizes were calculated using mean difference (MD) and standardized mean difference (SMD). The heterogeneity analysis was conducted using (I²) statistic at alpha = 0.10 (PROSPERO; CRD42021252670). Nine randomized clinical trials with 444 participants were included in the qualitative analysis and eight in the quantitative analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in pain and swelling scores before the 7th postoperative day. On the 7th postoperative day, no significant difference was observed between KT and control groups in terms of pain and swelling. Additionally, KT led to an increase in patients' maximum mouth opening of more than 3 mm in postoperative intervals. KT is effective in reducing postoperative pain within the first 48 h after surgery and improving mouth opening during all postoperative intervals with moderate to high certainty of evidence.

A literature review of applications of Kinesio Taping® in the craniomaxillofacial region

This study was conducted to achieve an understanding of the potential applications of Kinesio Taping® (KT) in the craniomaxillofacial region. A comprehensive search of pertinent literature was performed through PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect. The focused question that was addressed was, "What are the potential applications of KT in the craniomaxillofacial region?". The preliminary search identified 52 studies. Once duplicates were removed, the remaining 43 titles/abstracts were screened, where 9 studies were excluded and the remaining 34 were assessed. Three additional studies were obtained through reference review of the retrieved articles. KT is being used for the management of various conditions, including temporomandibular joint disorders, side effects associated with maxillofacial surgeries, various neurological conditions, etc. KT has not been proven as a reliable independent treatment option; however, it is considered to be useful as a complementary option to improve treatment outcomes for various conditions.

Effects of low-level laser therapy on reducing pain, edema, and trismus after orthognathic surgery: a systematic review

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific evidence of the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the perception of pain, edema, and trismus after orthognathic surgery. The literature was searched in 11 databases (MedLine via PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and LIVIVO, OpenGrey, OADT, and OpenThesis), without restriction of publication year or language. This search aimed to identify randomized clinical trials comparing low-level laser therapy and placebo for controlling pain, edema, and trismus after orthognathic surgeries. Two reviewers extracted the data and assessed the individual risk of bias of the eligible studies using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB, version 2.0). The initial search resulted in 808 articles, from which only five (total of 190 participants) were included in the qualitative synthesis. The studies were published from 2014 to 2020. Two presented a low risk of bias + in the mean mouth opening of all patients subjected to bimaxillary surgery who received LLLT. However, the other study found a significant difference in maximum mouth opening in the LLLT group at 14, 30, and 60 days after surgery. Based on limited evidence, LLLT was presented as an auxiliary tool for reducing pain and trismus after surgery. However, the reduction of edema is controversial due to the absence of measuring standardization.

Can Kinesio taping improve discomfort after mandibular third molar surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Kinesio taping (KT) can improve patient discomfort after mandibular third molar surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PICO strategy. We searched 4 databases for related articles. All controlled trials or randomized controlled trials that evaluated the application of KT after mandibular third molar surgery were included. Screening and article selection were carried out by two independent reviewers. The main evaluation indicators were facial swelling, pain, and trismus. All statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software.

RESULT

This analysis included 8 articles. The combined results showed that compared with the control group, the postoperative application of KT significantly reduced pain in the early (early stage mean difference (MD), - 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI), - 2.40 to - 1.60; P < 0.00001) and late (late stage MD, - 1.18; 95% CI, - 2.26 to - 0.11; P = 0.03) postoperative periods and, thus, reduced the intake of painkillers. KT also reduced facial swelling in the early and late postoperative periods (early stage standardized mean difference (SMD), - 1.34; 95% CI, - 1.99 to - 0.68; P < 0.0001; late stage SMD, - 0.31; 95% CI, - 0.51 to - 0.11; P = 0.002). In addition, the postoperative application of KT improved restricted mouth opening in the early and late postoperative periods (early stage MD, - 5.03 mm; 95% CI, - 6.32 to - 3.74 mm; P < 0.00001; late stage MD, - 3.42 mm; 95% CI, - 5.31 to - 1.52 mm; P = 0.0004).

CONCLUSION

KT can significantly reduce postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus after impacted mandibular tooth extraction. Additional high-quality and rigorously designed randomized controlled trials should be conducted to verify these conclusions.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

KT is a low-cost, simple, effective nondrug therapy for the postoperative management of mandibular third molar extraction and has broad prospects for clinical application.

Orthognathic surgery: doubts from patients with orofacial fissures regarding the immediate postoperative period

OBJECTIVES

to identify the main doubts regarding the immediate postoperative care of patients with orofacial clefts undergoing orthognathic surgery.

METHODS

cross-sectional, quantitative study, developed in a public and tertiary hospital, between November 2017 and May 2018. Data collection occurred through interviews during the preoperative nursing consultation. An instrument was used to describe doubts, which later were grouped according to the subject.

RESULTS

48 patients participated. The doubts referred to sun exposure (56%), food/mastication (48%), the relationship between intermaxillary block-breathing-vomiting (48%), oral hygiene (31%), physical activity restriction (27%), nasopharyngeal cannula, removal of surgical stitches, hospitalization time and speech/communication (23%), bleeding, cryotherapy, facial massage, aesthetic and functional results, healing, edema/ecchymosis, postoperative pain, and changes in facial sensitivity (21%).

CONCLUSIONS

the doubts were related to food, the period of convalescence, care for the surgical wound, postoperative complications, and medications.

Effects of Water-Circulating Cooling Mask on Postoperative Outcomes in Orthognathic Surgery and Facial Trauma

The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of hilotherapy on postoperative pain, swelling, neurosensory impairment and patient satisfaction. The authors analyzed RCTs comparing the use of hilotherapy versus conventional cryotherapy or no cold treatment for orthognathic surgery and repair of facial trauma. The authors assessed the risk of bias and strength of evidence according to the Cochrane guidelines and GRADE rating system, respectively. Treatment effects were defined as weighted or standardized mean difference using the inverse variance method. Five RCTs were included. Postoperative pain and swelling in patients using hilotherapy were lower comparing to the control group in the postoperative day 2 (Pain: MD -1.75, CI 95% -2.69 to -0.81; Swelling: MD -21.16 mL, CI 95% -38.91 to -3.41) and in the final evaluation (Pain: MD -0.31, CI 95% -0.44 to -0.18; MD -4.45 mL, CI 95% -7.87 to -1.03). Patients reported higher satisfaction with hilotherapy, but no differences were found for neurosensory impairment. Current evidence suggests that hilotherapy is effective in reducing postoperative pain and swelling in orthognathic surgery and repair of facial fractures and may lead to improvements in patient satisfaction in the recovery phase.

The Impact of Using Kinesio Tape on Non-Infectious Complications after Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery

Non-infectious complications such as post-extraction pain, trismus, and swelling are extremely common after impacted wisdom tooth removal. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of using kinesio tape on the level of the postoperative swelling of soft tissues, trismus, and pain in patients undergoing the surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar. One hundred patients undergoing the surgical extraction of a lower wisdom tooth were randomly divided into two groups: a study group with kinesio taping (KT) (n = 50) and a control group without kinesio taping (NKT) (n = 50). The surgical procedure was performed according to the same repeatable scheme. Kinesio tape was applied immediately after surgery in the KT group. In both groups, measurements of swelling, trismus, and pain were performed before the surgery and on the third and seventh postprocedural days. Kinesio tape had a significant effect on the decrease in facial swelling on the third day after surgery and a decrease in trismus and pain severity levels on the third and seventh days after surgery. The kinesio tape method is non-invasive, continuously active throughout the entire application period, and requires no additional patient appointments. KT application is an effective method for reducing postoperative edema, pain, and trismus after impacted mandibular wisdom teeth surgery.

Kinesiology Taping as an Innovative Measure against Post-Operative Complications after Third Molar Extraction-Systematic Review

There are many randomized clinical trials suggesting a positive effect of kinesiotaping on postoperative swelling. In dentistry, however, the use of kinesiotaping still seems to be innovative, since not many articles on kinesiotaping within the craniofacial area have been published. This study aimed to systematically review and synthesize available controlled trials examining the use of kinesiotaping to reduce morbidity after third molar extraction. Literature searches for free text and MeSH terms were performed using five search engines, and used to find studies which focused on kinesiotaping as a form of rehabilitation after third molar extraction. The keywords used in the search were: “((“molar, third”[MeSH Terms] OR (“molar”[All Fields] AND “third”[All Fields]) OR “third molar”[All Fields] OR (“third”[All Fields] AND “molar”[All Fields])) AND extraction [All Fields]) AND “kinesiology”[All Fields]”. For the assessment of the risk of bias, the Jadad and Maastricht scales were applied. The search strategy identified 317 potential articles. After analysis, 10 papers were included in the final evaluation. Despite the fact that most of the included articles adhered to methodological standards, the fact that there are only a few of them points to a further need for scientific development of physiotherapy in this regard. Kinesiology taping is useful against post-operative morbidity of the third molar extraction site. The present studies show a low level of the risk of bias, but they are limited in number; therefore, it seems that more research is needed.

The effect of manual lymphatic drainage on patient recovery after orthognathic surgery-A qualitative and 3-dimensional facial analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on postoperative facial swelling and pain.

STUDY DESIGN

A randomized, single-center, prospective, 2-arm clinical trial with blinded endpoint assessment was set up. Patients were enrolled from the Maxillofacial Department of the Ghent University Hospital (Belgium) between January 2015 and March 2018. Both the intervention group (n = 13) and the control group (n = 13) received the same postoperative care; in addition, the intervention group underwent 6 sessions of MLD after orthognathic surgery. Three-dimensional facial scans were performed and questionnaires administered on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180. A linear mixed model was performed, and statistical significance was assumed at the 5% level.

RESULTS

In total, 26 patients (mean age 29 years; range 16-57 years) were included for statistical analysis. A faster decrease in swelling in the intervention group was observed on 3-dimensional scans. Furthermore, patients receiving MLD reported reduction in swelling and pain within the first month after surgery. However, no statistically significant difference could be detected in these observations (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of this study, no statistically significant difference could be found between patients treated with or without MLD after orthognathic surgery with regard to swelling and pain.

Effectiveness of kinesio taping on postoperative morbidity after impacted mandibular third molar surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study

Objective

Our study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of kinesio taping (KT) on postoperative morbidity compared to placebo and control groups after impacted third molar surgery.

Methodology

Sixty patients with impacted mandibular third molar were included in this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. After surgical extraction of the impacted tooth, patients were allocated into three groups (20 patients each): group 1 received KT (kinesio), group 2 received placebo taping (placebo), and group 3 received no taping (control). The groups were compared regarding facial swelling, pain and trismus. Swelling was evaluated using a tape measuring method. Pain was assessed by a visual analog scale and the number of analgesic tablets taken. Trismus was determined by measuring maximum mouth opening.

Results

In the KT group, all parameters reduced significantly on 2^nd and 4^th postoperative days compared to other groups; however, placebo and control groups revealed comparable outcomes. On 7^th day, all groups showed comparable results.

Conclusions

The KT application is an effective method for reducing morbidity after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. However, placebo taping is not as effective as proper taping. Placebo taping shows similar results compared to no taping regarding facial swelling percentage, pain and trismus.

Kinesiotaping for postoperative oedema - what is the evidence? A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Postoperative oedema is a common condition affecting wound healing and function. Traditionally, manual lymphatic drainage is employed to reduce swelling. Kinesiotaping might be an alternative resource-sparing approach. This article explores current evidence for the effectiveness of kinesiotaping for the reduction of oedema in the postoperative setting.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed on the basis of five databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov) for studies published between January 2000 and October 2019.Only prospective controlled trials were included. Case studies, uncontrolled case series, studies on oedema caused by other etiologies than by surgery, as well as studies on malignant disease related oedema (especially breast cancer related oedema) were excluded.Articles were screened by title, abstract, and full text and the references were searched for further publications on the topic. A narrative and quantitative (using STATA) analysis was performed.

RESULTS

One thousand two hundred sixty-three articles were screened, twelve were included in the analysis. All studies evaluated either oedema after extremity surgery or maxillofacial interventions, and showed relevant methodological flaws. Only three studies employed an active comparator. Of the twelve included studies ten found positive evidence for kinesiotape application for the reduction of swelling and beneficial effects on secondary outcome parameters such as pain and patient satisfaction. The available trials were heterogenic in pathology and all were compromised by a high risk of bias.

CONCLUSION

There is some evidence for the efficacy of kinesiotaping for the treatment of postoperative oedema. This evidence is, however, not yet convincing given the limitations of the published trials. Methodologically sound comparison to standard of care or an active comparator is indispensable for an evaluation of effectiveness. In addition, assessments of patient comfort and cost-benefit analyses are necessary to evaluate the potential relevance of this novel technique in daily practice.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER

International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) ID 114129).

Comparison of Different Kinesio Taping Techniques After Third Molar Surgery

PURPOSE

Elastic therapeutic taping method has been shown to reduce pain and edema after surgery. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of 2 different Kinesio taping (KT) techniques on swelling, pain, and trismus after third molar surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study was designed as a split-mouth, single-blinded, and controlled randomized clinical trial. Patients undergoing lower impacted third molar extraction at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, were included in the present study. Group I included 30 patients and was used to compare the classic KT technique (technique A) and the new KT technique (technique B). Group II included 15 patients and was used to compare the classic KT technique (technique A) and no KT (No-KT [control]). Group III included 15 patients and was used to compare the new KT technique (technique B) and No-KT (control). Swelling was assessed using the 3dMD Face System (3dMD, Atlanta, GA). The maximum interincisal distance was recorded using a digital caliper preoperatively (T0) and at postoperative days 2 (T1) and 7 (T2). The visual analog scale for pain scores were recorded postoperatively at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. The effects of operative time, patient age, and patient gender were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The data from 60 patients (27 men and 33 women) with a mean age of 22.28 years (range, 18 to 31 years) were analyzed in the present study. The amount of swelling and the interincisal distance were less with technique B than with technique A and no KT (control group).

CONCLUSIONS

KT is a useful method for reducing postoperative morbidity after impacted third molar extraction. In particular, the application of KT using the new technique described in the present study could be more effective than the classic methods.

Patients and informal caregivers’ questions about alveolar bone graft post-operative care

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify patients’ and informal caregivers’ questions related to alveolar bone graft post-operative care. Methods: analytical and cross-sectional study, developed in a public and tertiary hospital between October 2017 and February 2018. The sample consisted of 46 participants. Data collection occurred during the preoperative nursing consultation through interview. The doubts were described in a form prepared by the researchers and later grouped by similarity of the subject. Results: doubts referred to diet (type of food, consistency, temperature and time period), surgical wound care (oral hygiene, graft rejection, removal of surgical points), post-operative complications (bleeding and edema), convalescence period (sun exposure, physical effort, time away from activities, length of stay) and medications. Conclusions: identifying the doubts allowed planning and implementing nursing care focused on the real needs of the clientele, favoring the rehabilitation process.

Kinesio taping use to reduce pain and edema after third molar extraction surgery: A randomized controlled split-mouth study

OBJECTIVE

Evaluating Kinesio Taping (KT) use to reduce pain and edema in individuals subjected to surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirteen individuals (5 men and 8 women, mean age: 23.25 years) were subjected to mutual extraction of two mandibular third molars based on the same surgical protocol and pharmacological approach. All individuals were subjected to kinesio taping application on one side of patients' face (test group - KT), in the immediate postoperative period. The other side of the face was not subjected to KT application, and it was used as control (No KT). An examiner assessed individuals' pain and edema based on the visual analog scale (VAS) and on the Todorović-Marković method, respectively, at the preoperative, immediate postoperative, and second and fifth postoperative days. Statistical analysis was based on the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test.

RESULTS

Edema (48 h and 120 h after surgery) and pain intensity (24 h, 48 h and 120 h after surgery) were lower on the KT side (p < 0.05). Moreover, edema and pain intensity fully reduced on the KT side 120 h after surgery (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Kinesio taping adopted in the current study was effective in reducing edema and postoperative pain in patients subjected to oral surgery.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

KT enables patients to experience a more comfortable postoperative period and helps improving their quality of life.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Effects of Kinesio Taping on Postoperative Swelling and Pain after Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of kinesio taping on pain and swelling after surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion.

Material and Methods

A total of 21 (12 male and 9 female) patients with transverse maxillary deficiency were enrolled in the study. Kinesio taping (KT) was applied unilaterally in each patient, whereby sides of the face with KT application were included into the (a) KT group and the other sides were included into the (b) non-KT group. Changes in facial volume were evaluated on digital images using the 3dMD Face System. Pain scores were assessed at postoperative days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 using the visual analog scale (VAS). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Mann Whitney U test were used for statistical analyses.

Results

Swelling was significantly lower in the KT group compared to the non-KT group from T0 to T1 (36.42 [SD 19.71] mm³ vs. 183.84 [SD 49.33] mm³) and was significantly greater in the non-KT group compared to the KT group from T0 to T2 (70.88 [SD 15.73] mm³ vs. 21.46 [SD 13.39] mm³) (P < 0.001 for both). The VAS scores were significantly lower in the KT group compared to the non-KT group at all time points (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The application of kinesio taping after maxillofacial surgery reduced the pain and swelling in the postoperative period. Kinesio taping can be used as an alternative to other methods that are used for the reduction of postoperative complaints.

Photobiomodulation in the Postoperative of Bichectomy Surgeries: Case Series

BACKGROUND

Several photobiomodulation (PBM) protocols with low-power lasers have been reported for pain control and tissue repair in the postoperative period of oral surgeries. However, there are still no reports of a protocol for bichectomy surgeries' postoperative period.

OBJECTIVE

This article presents six reports of clinical cases in which bichectomy surgery was performed.

METHODS

In the postoperative period, three patients were submitted to PBM with low-power lasers, while three patients did not receive it. Facial edema was evaluated using a millimeter tape. Pain was determined using the visual analog scale.

RESULTS

Data of each clinical case were evaluated in a descriptive way and compared.

CONCLUSIONS

The efficacy of the PBM protocol on the postoperative period of bichectomy surgeries was evidenced by the decrease of edema and pain.

The Impact of the Use of Kinesio Taping Method on the Reduction of Swelling in Patients After Orthognathic Surgery: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND Orthognathic surgery (OGS) is associated with extensive surgical intervention within the soft and hard tissues of the facial region of the skull leading to inflammatory reactions. The presence of postoperative swelling indicates the accumulation of exudate or transudate; both these fluids occur in surgery. Massive swelling is a significant problem, because the tension of tissues intensifies pain sensations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the kinesio taping method (KT) in patients after orthognathic surgery in the area of the facial skull in terms of eliminating postoperative swelling. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study of the impact of kinesiology tape applied after orthognathic surgery to the craniofacial area on the elimination of swelling was performed in sixteen patients who suffered from this complication after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. RESULTS The swelling was shown to be reduced after KT; within the same study the differences were statistically significant between the left and right sides and for the same side (p<0.05). The application of the lymphatic kinesio taping method led to the reduction of tension in the affected area and restoration of proper lymphatic circulation in the region covered by swelling. This allows for the improvement of the blood and lymph microcirculation and activation of self-healing processes. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the impact of the practical use of the lymphatic KT on complications after orthognathic surgery revealed that it had a beneficial effect on the reduction of swelling. The use of the KT method seems promising because it is simple to carry out, not traumatic, economical and rarely causes undesirable allergies.

High-power diode laser in the circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: a prospective case series study

The incisions during orthognathic surgery are classically performed with conventional scalpel or electrocautery. Considering that the high-power diode laser surgery may provide advantages when compared to conventional incision techniques, the current study aimed to present a prospective case series of patients submitted to circumvestibular incision for Le Fort I osteotomy. Ten patients with dentofacial deformities who underwent to rapid assisted maxillary expansion or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were enrolled in the study. All incisions were performed by a single surgeon using an 808-nm diode laser, with an optical fiber of 600 μm, at a power of 2.5 W, in a continuous-wave mode. The performance of the incision was evaluated by incision velocity, bleeding, edema, secondary infection, clinical healing, and pain. The velocity of the incision ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 mm/s (mean 0.13 ± 0.03 mm/s). Considering bleeding during the soft tissue incision, all surgeries were classified as absent bleeding. All patients presented a clinical healing of the surgical wound in a period that range from 3 to 5 weeks and experienced swelling during the follow-up period. On average, approximately 50% of the swelling had resolved after the third postoperative week, and 28.8% of swelling remained after 2 months after the surgery. The pain decreased after 2 and 3 days, and 90.0% of the patients reported no pain after 7 postoperative days. High-power diode laser is effective and safety during circumvestibular incisions for Le Fort I osteotomy in orthognathic surgery decreasing bleeding, surgery time, pain, and edema after orthognathic surgery.

Effectiveness of Corticoid Administration in Orthognathic Surgery for Edema and Neurosensorial Disturbance: A Systematic Literature Review

PURPOSE

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of corticosteroid (CS) administration on edema and neural regeneration in orthognathic surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. The PICO approach was used, in which patients with skeletal dentofacial deformity composed the population; uni- or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery composed the intervention; administration versus no administration of CSs composed the comparison; and decrease in postoperative edema and neurosensory disorders composed the outcome. Thirty of 240 articles were selected and evaluated for their titles and abstracts in relation to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After duplicate references were eliminated, 8 articles remained.

RESULTS

Patients who used CSs had lower rates of edema. In fact, after 4 months, there were no remarkable edema rates. These results suggest that neurosensory disorders resolved after 3 months. In addition, in the early and late periods, administration of CSs did not influence the regression of neurosensory disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

Administering CSs in orthognathic surgery improved the regression of facial edema independent of the dosage used but did not influence neurosensory disorders.

Intravenous lidocaine for effective pain relief after bimaxillary surgery

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative pain in bimaxillary surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between July 2015 and November 2015, 52 consecutive patients that underwent bimaxillary surgery were recruited to the present study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: group L (1.5 mg/kg bolus and 2 mg/kg/h continuous infusion during the operation) and group C (normal saline). To measure pain intensity, a visual analog scale (VAS) was used at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery. Rescue ketorolac use was measured in the first 4, 4-8, 8-24, and 24-48 h after surgery. Total ketorolac consumption (the sum of rescue and eight-hourly fixed schedule ketorolac injection), WBC count, neutrophil count, and postoperative swelling were recorded.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to demographics. VAS pain scores were significantly lower in group L compared with group C up to 8 h after surgery. Rescue ketorolac use up to 8 h after surgery and total ketorolac consumption were significantly lower in group L than in group C. Postoperative WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly decreased in group L. Compared with group C, the amount of calibrated postoperative swelling was lower in group L.

CONCLUSIONS

Systemic lidocaine infusion during bimaxillary surgery reduces postoperative pain, analgesic consumption, and facial swelling.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Systemic lidocaine is simple, economic, and a safe procedure reducing pain and soft tissue swelling after bimaxillary surgery.