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Hroncekova S, Lorencova L, Bertok T, Hires M, Jane E, Bučko M, Kasak P, Tkac J. Amperometric Miniaturised Portable Enzymatic Nanobiosensor for the Ultrasensitive Analysis of a Prostate Cancer Biomarker. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030161. [PMID: 36976085 PMCID: PMC10056543 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Screen-printing technology is a game changer in many fields including electrochemical biosensing. Two-dimensional nanomaterial MXene Ti3C2Tx was integrated as a nanoplatform to immobilise enzyme sarcosine oxidase (SOx) onto the interface of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). A miniaturised, portable, and cost-effective nanobiosensor was constructed using chitosan as a biocompatible glue for the ultrasensitive detection of prostate cancer biomarker sarcosine. The fabricated device was characterised with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Sarcosine was detected indirectly via the amperometric detection of H2O2 formed during enzymatic reaction. The nanobiosensor could detect sarcosine down to 7.0 nM with a maximal peak current output at 4.10 ± 0.35 × 10−5 A using only 100 µL of a sample per measurement. The assay run in 100 μL of an electrolyte showed the first linear calibration curve in a concentration window of up to 5 μM with a slope of 2.86 μA·μM−1, and the second linear calibration curve in the range of 5–50 μM with a slope of 0.32 ± 0.01 μA·μM−1 (R2 = 0.992). The device provided a high recovery index of 92.5% when measuring an analyte spiked into artificial urine, and could be used for detection of sarcosine in urine for at least a period of 5 weeks after the preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Hroncekova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Lorencova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Hires
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eduard Jane
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Bučko
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Baker AN, Muguruza AR, Richards S, Georgiou PG, Goetz S, Walker M, Dedola S, Field RA, Gibson MI. Lateral Flow Glyco-Assays for the Rapid and Low-Cost Detection of Lectins-Polymeric Linkers and Particle Engineering Are Essential for Selectivity and Performance. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101784. [PMID: 34747143 PMCID: PMC7612396 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow immuno-assays, such as the home pregnancy test, are rapid point-of-care diagnostics that use antibody-coated nanoparticles to bind antigens/analytes (e.g., viruses, toxins or hormones). Ease of use, no need for centralized infrastructure and low-cost, makes these devices appealing for rapid disease identification, especially in low-resource environments. Here glycosylated polymer-coated nanoparticles are demonstrated for the sensitive, label-free detection of lectins in lateral flow and flow-through. The systems introduced here use glycans, not antibodies, to provide recognition: a “lateral flow glyco-assay,” providing unique biosensing opportunities. Glycans are installed onto polymer termini and immobilized onto gold nanoparticles, providing colloidal stability but crucially also introducing assay tunability and selectivity. Using soybean agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA120) as model analytes, the impact of polymer chain length and nanoparticle core size are evaluated, with chain length found to have a significant effect on signal generation—highlighting the need to control the macromolecular architecture to tune response. With optimized systems, lectins are detectable at subnanomolar concentrations, comparable to antibody-based systems. Complete lateral flow devices are also assembled to show how these devices can be deployed in the “real world.” This work shows that glycan-binding can be a valuable tool in rapid diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Baker
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Asier R. Muguruza
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Sarah‐Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Stephen Goetz
- Iceni Diagnostics Ltd Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7GJ UK
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Simone Dedola
- Iceni Diagnostics Ltd Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7GJ UK
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Lectins applied to diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer and benign hyperplasia: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:543-553. [PMID: 34508719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors, as well as genetic factors, contribute to the increase in prostate cancer cases (PCa), the second leading cause of cancer death in men. This fact calls for the development of more reliable, quick and low-cost early detection tests to distinguish between malignant and benign cases. Abnormal cell glycosylation pattern is a promising PCa marker for this purpose. Proteins, such as lectins can decode the information contained in the glycosylation patterns. Several studies have reported on applications of plant lectins as diagnostic tools for PCa considering the ability to differentiate it from benign cases. In addition, they can be used to detect, separate and differentiate the glycosylation patterns of cells or proteins present in serum, urine and semen. Herein, we present an overview of these studies, showing the lectins that map glycans differentially expressed in PCa, as well as benign hyperplasia (BPH). We further review their applications in biosensors, histochemical tests, immunoassays, chromatography, arrays and, finally, their therapeutic potential. This is the first study to review vegetable lectins applied specifically to PCa.
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Abedi R, Bakhsh Raoof J, Bagheri Hashkavayi A, Asghary M. Highly sensitive and label-free electrochemical biosensor based on gold nanostructures for studying the interaction of prostate cancer gene sequence with epirubicin anti-cancer drug. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sensors and microarrays in protein biomarker monitoring: an electrochemical perspective spots. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1337-1345. [PMID: 32915086 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of clinically applicable portable sensors and multiplex protein biomarker assays is one of the most important goals of laboratory medicine today. Sensing strategies based on electrochemical devices are discussed in this overview, with special emphasis on detection principles derived from voltammetry, electrogenerated chemiluminescence, bipolar electrochemistry and impedance-based measurements. Up-to-date examples of electrochemical methods in biomedical research and development are highlighted here, including critical evaluation and future directions of the analysis, development and validation of new protein biomarkers.
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Hroncekova S, Bertok T, Hires M, Jane E, Lorencova L, Vikartovska A, Tanvir A, Kasak P, Tkac J. Ultrasensitive Ti 3C 2T X MXene/Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Amperometric Biosensor for Detection of Potential Prostate Cancer Marker in Urine Samples. Processes (Basel) 2020; 8:580. [PMID: 33304843 PMCID: PMC7116456 DOI: 10.3390/pr8050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional layered nanomaterial Ti3C2TX (a member of the MXene family) was used to immobilise enzyme sarcosine oxidase to fabricate a nanostructured biosensor. The device was applied for detection of sarcosine, a potential prostate cancer biomarker, in urine for the first time. The morphology and structures of MXene have been characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical measurements, SEM and AFM analysis revealed that MXene interfaced with chitosan is an excellent support for enzyme immobilisation to fabricate a sensitive biosensor exhibiting a low detection limit of 18 nM and a linear range up to 7.8 µM. The proposed biosensing method also provides a short response time of 2 s and high recovery index of 102.6% for detection of sarcosine spiked into urine sample in a clinically relevant range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Hroncekova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Hires
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Eduard Jane
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Lorencova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Alica Vikartovska
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Aisha Tanvir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence:
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Zuo Y, Liang Y, Zhang J, Hao Y, Li M, Wen Z, Zhao Y. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Piwi-Interacting RNAs as Prognostic Markers for Recurrence of Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10:1018. [PMID: 31695724 PMCID: PMC6817565 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of male cancer death, and there is an unmet need for biomarkers to identify patients with such aggressive disease. Piwi-inteacting RNAs (piRNAs) have been classified as transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators in somatic cells. In this study, we discovered three piRNAs as novel prognostic markers and their association with prostate cancer biochemical recurrence was confirmed in validation data set. To obtain a better understanding of piRNA expression patterns in prostate cancer and to find gene coexpression with piRNAs, we performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Target genes of three piRNAs have also been predicted based on base complementarity and expression correlativity. Functional analysis revealed the relationships between target genes and prostate cancer. Our work also identified differential expression of piRNAs between Gleason stage 3 + 4 and 4 + 3 prostate cancer. Overall, this study may explain the roles and demonstrate the potential clinical utility of piRNAs in prostate cancer in a way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingyi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhining Wen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Distinguishing the glycan isomers 2,3-sialyllactose and 2,6-sialyllactose by voltammetry after modification with osmium(VI) complexes. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1067:56-62. [PMID: 31047149 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered glycosylation is a universal feature of cancer cells and certain glycans are well-known markers of tumor progression. In this work we studied two glycan isomers, 2,3-sialyllactose (3-SL) and 2,6-sialyllactose (6-SL), frequently appearing in glycoproteins connected with cancer. A combination of square wave voltammetry and glycan modification with osmium(VI) N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (Os(VI)tem) allowed to distinguish between these regioisomers, since the 6-SL molecule can bind three Os(VI), while the 3-SL only two Os(VI) moieties, as experiments using capillary electrophoresis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography showed. A similar pattern of Os(VI)-modification was found for isomers of sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine and sialylgalactose. Covalent adducts of Os(VI)tem with glycans yielded three reduction voltammetric peaks. The ratio of peak I/peak II heights depends on the content of individual regioisomer in the sample. Our proposed approach allows the determination of isomer percentage representation in the mixture after one voltammogram recording. These results show a new appropriate method for the discrimination of glycan isomers containing terminal sialic acid important for distinguishing between cancerous and non-cancerous origin of biomarkers.
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