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Song W, Yang H, Liu S, Yu H, Li D, Li P, Xing R. Melanin: insights into structure, analysis, and biological activities for future development. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7528-7543. [PMID: 37432655 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin, a widely distributed pigment found in various organisms, possesses distinct structures that can be classified into five main types: eumelanin (found in animals and plants), pheomelanin (found in animals and plants), allomelanin (found in plants), neuromelanin (found in animals), and pyomelanin (found in fungi and bacteria). In this review, we present an overview of the structure and composition of melanin, as well as the various spectroscopic identification methods that can be used, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We also provide a summary of the extraction methods of melanin and its diverse biological activities, including antibacterial properties, anti-radiation effects, and photothermal effects. The current state of research on natural melanin and its potential for further development is discussed. In particular, the review provides a comprehensive summary of the analysis methods used to determine melanin species, offering valuable insights and references for future research. Overall, this review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the concept and classification of melanin, its structure, physicochemical properties, and structural identification methods, as well as its various applications in the field of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Haoyue Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
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Lorquin F, Piccerelle P, Orneto C, Robin M, Lorquin J. New insights and advances on pyomelanin production: from microbial synthesis to applications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6575554. [PMID: 35482661 PMCID: PMC9338888 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyomelanin is a brown-black phenolic polymer and results from the oxidation of homogentisic acid (HGA) in the L-tyrosine pathway. As part of the research for natural and active ingredients issued from realistic bioprocesses, this work re-evaluates the HGA pigment and makes an updated inventory of its syntheses, microbial pathways, and properties, with tracks and recent advances for its large-scale production. The mechanism of the HGA polymerization is also well documented. In alkaptonuria, pyomelanin formation leads to connective tissue damages and arthritis, most probably due to the ROS issued from HGA oxidation. While UV radiation on human melanin may generate degradation products, pyomelanin is not photodegradable, is hyperthermostable, and has other properties better than the L-Dopa melanin. This review aims to raise awareness about the potential of this pigment for various applications, not only for skin coloring and protection but also for other cells, materials, and as a promising (semi)conductor for bioelectronics and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Lorquin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Piccerelle
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline Orneto
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Lorquin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Antagonistic Roles of Gallates and Ascorbic Acid in Pyomelanin Biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3843-3852. [PMID: 34554299 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primarily synthesized for chelating metal ions from the surrounding media, the pyomelanin plays an important role in bacterial virulence where it is needed for infection and biofilm formation as well as protection from host immune response. In this study, two out of three phenolic acids, gallic acid, and propyl gallate induced pyomelanin in two clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited biofilm formation. Ascorbic acid treatment reversed the gallic acid and propyl gallate mediated pyomelanin synthesis without reversing the inhibition of the biofilm formation. mRNA expression study revealed the upregulation of homogentisic acid oxidase enzyme by ascorbic acid treatment, possibly contributing towards the inhibition of pyomelanin synthesis. Tannic acid did not show any antibacterial or pyomelanin-induction activities. The synergistic effect of gallates and ascorbic acid in the inhibition of biofilm formation and associated pyomelanin synthesis was evidenced which needs further studies to establish their antibacterial efficacies, especially against the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas sp.
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Lorquin F, Ziarelli F, Amouric A, Di Giorgio C, Robin M, Piccerelle P, Lorquin J. Production and properties of non-cytotoxic pyomelanin by laccase and comparison to bacterial and synthetic pigments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8538. [PMID: 33879803 PMCID: PMC8058095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyomelanin is a polymer of homogentisic acid synthesized by microorganisms. This work aimed to develop a production process and evaluate the quality of the pigment. Three procedures have been elaborated and optimized, (1) an HGA-Mn2+ chemical autoxidation (PyoCHEM yield 0.317 g/g substrate), (2) an induced bacterial culture of Halomonas titanicae through the 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-1-hydroxylase route (PyoBACT, 0.55 g/L), and (3) a process using a recombinant laccase extract with the highest level produced (PyoENZ, 1.25 g/g substrate) and all the criteria for a large-scale prototype. The chemical structures had been investigated by 13C solid-state NMR (CP-MAS) and FTIR. Car-Car bindings predominated in the three polymers, Car-O-Car (ether) linkages being absent, proposing mainly C3-C6 (α-bindings) and C4-C6 (β-bindings) configurations. This work highlighted a biological decarboxylation by the laccase or bacterial oxidase(s), leading to the partly formation of gentisyl alcohol and gentisaldehyde that are integral parts of the polymer. By comparison, PyoENZ exhibited an Mw of 5,400 Da, was hyperthermostable, non-cytotoxic even after irradiation, scavenged ROS induced by keratinocytes, and had a highly DPPH-antioxidant and Fe3+-reducing activity. As a representative pigment of living cells and an available standard, PyoENZ might also be useful for applications in extreme conditions and skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Lorquin
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.,Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Fédération Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 52 Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Amouric
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Piccerelle
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Lorquin
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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