Synthesis of Fullerene (C60)-Silver Nanoparticles Using Neem Gum Extract Under Microwave Irradiation

Unlocking the potential of plant gums: Bioinformatics-driven insights into green synthesis and applications of metal-based nanoparticles

Plant gums (PGs) are naturally occurring heteropolysaccharides that exude from different plants, typically from their stems, bark, and seeds. They are non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and cost-effective. PGs are commonly used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickeners in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. Chemically, they are composed of complex sugars, with minor components including proteins, minerals, and flavonoids. Owing to their diverse phytochemical profiles, they have been comprehensively studied over the last couple of decades as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Researchers have synthesized various eco-friendly metallic NPs from PGs for potential applications in environmental, industrial, and pharmaceutical domains. This review thoroughly covers the synthesis, characterization techniques, and diverse applications of PG-based metallic NPs. For the first time, using advanced informatics tools like PubChem, ChemSpider, and SwissADME, this study provides novel insights into the molecular interactions and stabilization of PG-based NPs. The review also analyzes the diverse composition of PGs and explores the unique reducing and capping potential of their phytochemicals in the green synthesis of metallic NPs. It also examines the potential drawbacks and proposes possible solutions related to PG-based metallic NP synthesis, along with discussing the future prospects of these nanomaterials.

Neem gum and its derivatives as potential polymeric scaffold for diverse applications: a review

Naturally occurring polymers, particularly polysaccharides, are gaining significant attention for their eco-friendly, non-toxic nature and abundant availability. Neem Gum (NEG), a natural exudate from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), is secreted as a defense mechanism to protect against microbial invasion and physical damage. Unlike common polysaccharides, NEG exhibits a distinct composition rich in bioactive constituents, including heteropolysaccharides and secondary metabolites, contributing to its diverse functional and therapeutic potential. These unique characteristics make NEG a promising biopolymer for applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and environmental industries, where it serves as a binding, emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agent. Recent advancements have focused on developing NEG composites and derivatives with enhanced properties and broader applications. Structural modifications like grafting and carboxymethylation have improved its utility in drug delivery, wound healing, and biodegradable materials. Modified NEG derivatives exhibit superior antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, expanding their biomedical potential in tissue engineering and controlled drug release. NEG-based hydrogels and films show promise in eco-friendly packaging and self-healing biomaterials. This review compiles NEG's diverse applications, highlighting its role in sustainable technologies and emerging fields like self-healing materials and smart polymers. It addresses challenges in scaling production, regulatory compliance, and technical constraints.

Entropy analysis for a novel peristaltic flow in a curved heated endoscope: an application of applied sciences

Entropy interpretation with a descriptive heat generation analysis is carried out for the heated flow between two homocentric and sinusoidally fluctuating curved tubes. A novel peristaltic endoscope is considered for the first time inside a curved tube with evaluation of heat transfer and entropy. This flexible and novel endoscope with peristaltic locomotion is more efficient for endoscopy of complex mechanical structures and it is more comfortable for patients undergoing the endoscopy of a human organs. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed that also completely evaluates the heat transfer analysis for this novel endoscope. Certain and systematic computations are performed with the help of Mathematica software and exact mathematical as well as graphical solutions are obtained. Entropy has a lower rate that is almost zero entropy in the central region of these two curved tubes, but maximum entropy is noted near the sinusoidally deformable walls of both the endoscope and channel.

Hemodynamical analysis of MHD two phase blood flow through a curved permeable artery having variable viscosity with heat and mass transfer

A numerical investigation of MHD blood flow through a stenosed permeable curved artery has been done in this study. Blood flow is considered in two-phases; core and plasma region, respectively. Viscosity of the core region is considered as temperature-dependent, while constant viscosity is considered in plasma region. The governing equations of the proposed two-phase blood flow model are considered in the toroidal coordinate system. The second-order finite difference method is adopted to solve governing equations with [Formula: see text] tolerance in the iteration process. A comparative study of Darcy number (Da) is performed to understand the influence of permeable and impermeable wall conditions. The effect of various physical parameters such as magnetic field (M), viscosity variation parameter ([Formula: see text]), Darcy number (Da), heat source (H) and chemical reaction parameter ([Formula: see text]) is displayed graphically on the flow velocity, temperature, concentration, wall shear stress and frictional resistance profiles. A comparison with published work has also been displayed through the graph to validate the present model, and it is in fair agreement with the existing work. The present study suggested that the curvature and permeability of the arterial wall raise the risk of atherosclerosis formation, while the implication of heat source on the blood flow lower this risk.