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Long L, Zhang X, Wen Y, Li J, Wei L, Cheng Y, Liu H, Chu J, Fang Y, Xie Q, Shen A, Peng J. Qingda Granule Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Renal Apoptosis and Activation of the p53 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:770863. [PMID: 35222007 PMCID: PMC8867011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.770863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Qingda granules (QDG) exhibit antihypertension and multiple-target-organ protection. However, the therapeutic potential of QDG on hypertensive renal injury remains unknown. Therefore, the main objective of the current study is to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of QDG treatment on renal injury in angiotensin (Ang) II-infused mice. Methods and results: Mice were infused with Ang II (500 ng/kg/min) or saline for 4 weeks with subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. After infusion, mice in the Ang II + QDG group were intragastrically administrated with QDG daily (1.145 g/kg/day), whereas the control group and Ang II group were intragastrically administrated with the same amount of double-distilled water. Blood pressure of the mice monitored using the CODA™ noninvasive blood pressure system revealed that QDG treatment significantly attenuated elevated blood pressure. Moreover, hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that QDG treatment ameliorated Ang II-induced renal morphological changes, including glomerular sclerosis and atrophy, epithelial cell atrophy, and tubular dilatation. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) identified 662 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in renal tissues of Ang II-infused mice, which were reversed after QDG treatment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis based on DETs in both comparisons of Ang II vs. Control and Ang II + QDG vs. Ang II identified multiple enriched pathways, including apoptosis and p53 pathways. Consistently, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and Annexin V staining revealed that QDG treatment significantly attenuated Ang II-induced cell apoptosis in renal tissues and cultured renal tubular epithelial cell lines (NRK-52E). Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated that Ang II infusion significantly upregulated the protein expression of p53, BCL2-associated X (BAX), cle-caspase-9, and cle-caspase-3, while downregulating the protein expression of BCL-2 in renal tissues, which were attenuated after QDG treatment. Conclusion: Collectively, QDG treatment significantly attenuated hypertensive renal injury, partially by attenuating renal apoptosis and suppressing p53 pathways, which might be the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Long
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China.,Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fuzhou, China
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Yang J, Zhou J, Wang X, Wang S, Tang Y, Yang L. Risk factors for severe acute kidney injury among patients with rhabdomyolysis. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:498. [PMID: 33225908 PMCID: PMC7681970 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication of rhabdomyolysis (RM). The aim of the present study was to assess patients at high risk for the occurrence of severe AKI defined as stage II or III of KDIGO classification and in-hospital mortality of AKI following RM. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients with creatine kinase levels > 1000 U/L, who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2011 and March 2019. The sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data of these patients were obtained from an electronic medical records database, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were subsequently conducted. RESULTS For the 329 patients included in our study, the incidence of AKI was 61.4% and the proportion of stage I, stage II, stage III were 18.8, 14.9 and 66.3%, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 19.8%; furthermore, patients with AKI tended to have higher mortality rates than those without AKI (24.8% vs. 11.8%; P < 0.01). The clinical conditions most frequently associated with RM were trauma (28.3%), sepsis (14.6%), bee sting (12.8%), thoracic and abdominal surgery (11.2%) and exercise (7.0%). Furthermore, patients with RM resulting from sepsis, bee sting and acute alcoholism were more susceptible to severe AKI. The risk factors for the occurrence of stage II-III AKI among RM patients included hypertension (OR = 2.702), high levels of white blood cell count (OR = 1.054), increased triglycerides (OR = 1.260), low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 0.318), elevated serum phosphorus (OR = 5.727), 5000<CK ≤ 10,000 U/L (OR = 2.617) and CK>10,000 U/L (OR = 8.093). Age ≥ 60 years (OR = 2.946), sepsis (OR = 3.206) and elevated prothrombin time (OR = 1.079) were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in RM patients with AKI. CONCLUSIONS AKI is independently associated with mortality in patients with RM, and several risk factors were found to be associated with the occurrence of severe AKI and in-hospital mortality. These findings suggest that, to improve the quality of medical care, the early prevention of AKI should focus on high-risk patients and more effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- Division of Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siwen Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lichuan Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Nami MS. Irbesartan Attenuates Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats through Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Endogenous Antioxidant Capacity. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32175056 PMCID: PMC7050237 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_567_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and free radicals is the main mechanism beyond gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Irbesartan and other angiotensin II blockers offer significant nephroprotective effect through improvement of renal function and reduction of renal inflammation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to illustrate the nephroprotective effect of irbesartan in rats regarding the oxidative stress of irbesartan biomarkers. Methods: Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were used; they were divided into three groups: Group I (10 rats) treated with distilled water, Group II (10 rats) treated with gentamicin, and Group III (10 rats) treated with gentamicin plus irbesartan for 12 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSH), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), and cystatin-c were measured in each group. Results: Irbesartan significantly reduced blood urea, serum creatinine, serum MDA, NGAL, KIM-1, and cystatin-c [P < 0.05]. Irbesartan significantly increases SOD [P < 0.05] without significant effect in elevation of GSH serum levels. Conclusions: This study concluded that irbesartan has a nephroprotective effect in attenuation of acute nephrotoxicity through modulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa S Al-Nami
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Zakrocka I, Targowska-Duda KM, Wnorowski A, Kocki T, Jóźwiak K, Turski WA. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers decrease kynurenic acid production in rat kidney in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:209-217. [PMID: 30370429 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (GLU) mainly through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays pivotal role in kidney function regulation. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a GLU receptors antagonist, is synthesized from kynurenine by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs). Previously, it was shown that angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) decrease KYNA production in rat brain in vitro. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of six ARBs: candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, and valsartan on KYNA production on rat kidney in vitro. The effect of ARBs was determined in kidney homogenates and on isolated KAT II enzyme. Among tested ARBs, irbesartan was the most effective KYNA synthesis inhibitor with IC50 of 14.4 μM. Similar effects were observed after losartan (IC50 45.9 μM) and olmesartan administration (IC50 108.1 μM), whereas candesartan (IC50 475.3 μM), valsartan (IC50 513.9 μM), and telmisartan (IC50 669.5 μM) displayed lower activity in KYNA synthesis inhibition in rat kidney homogenates in vitro. On the other hand, valsartan (IC50 27.5 μM) was identified to be the strongest KAT II inhibitor in rat kidney in vitro. Candesartan, losartan, and telmisartan suppressed KAT II activity with IC50 equal to 83.2, 83.3, and 108.3 μM, respectively. Olmesartan and irbesartan were the weakest KAT II inhibitors with IC50 values of 237.4 and 809.9 μM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking suggested that studied ARBs directly bind to an active site of KAT II. In conclusion, our results indicate that ARBs decrease KYNA synthesis in rat kidney through enzymatic inhibition of KAT II, which may have impact on kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zakrocka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Artur Wnorowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jóźwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Waldemar A Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Cai W, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Sun H, Qiu L. Vaccarin alleviates hypertension and nephropathy in renovascular hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:924-932. [PMID: 29399101 PMCID: PMC5772753 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an important organ in the regulation of blood pressure, and it is also one of the primary target organs of hypertension. Kidney damage in response to hypertension eventually leads to renal insufficiency. The authors previously demonstrated that vaccarin exhibits a protective role in endothelial injury. However, the effects of vaccarin on the two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model and subsequent kidney injury have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of vaccarin in attenuating hypertension and whether vaccarin had beneficial effects on kidney injury. The 2K1C rats had greater fibrosis, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors in the right kidney compared with normotensive rats, which were alleviated by a high dose of vaccarin and captopril. Vaccarin treatment attenuated hypertension, reduced fibrosis markers, NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2, NOX-4, 3-nitrotyrosine, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 protein levels and altered pro-apoptotic protein levels including caspase-3, anti-apoptosis protein B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-2 associated X, apoptosis regulator in the right kidney of 2K1C rats. These findings suggest that the protective effects of vaccarin on the right kidney in renovascular hypertension are possibly due to downregulation of fibrosis, inflammatory molecules, oxidative stress, Ang II, and AT1 receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yiqi Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Haijian Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Liying Qiu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
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Abdel-Zaher AO, Farghaly HSM, El-Refaiy AEM, Abd-Eldayem AM. Protective effect of the standardized extract of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) against hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced renal injury in rats: Insights in the underlying mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:944-955. [PMID: 28915536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced by L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rats with a diet containing 1% cholesterol. In these animals repeated treatment with EGb761 produced a progressive reduction in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (BP). EGb761 increased the progressive reduction in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP induced by repeated administration of losartan with simvastatin. EGb761 corrected the compromised serum lipid profile and enhanced the effect of losartan with simvastatin on lipid profile. EGb761 protected against hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced renal injury as assessed by measurement of serum renal function markers and by histopathological examination. EGb761 enhanced the renoprotective effect of losartan with simvastatin in these rats. Concomitantly, hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced elevation of renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by repeated treatment with EGb761. In addition, hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by treatment with EGb761. Also, EGb761 inhibited hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the kidney tissues. Losartan with simvastatin produced similar effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. EGb761 enhanced losartan with simvastatin effects. These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced renal injury. The ability of EGb761 to provide this renoprotective effect may positively correlate, besides its antihypertensive and antihypercholesterolemic effects, to its ability to suppress renal oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Abdel-Zaher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Hanan S M Farghaly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abeer E M El-Refaiy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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